{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206433680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3144598","title":"Graph Neural Network for Source Code Defect Prediction","display_name":"Graph Neural Network for Source Code Defect Prediction","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206433680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3144598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3144598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3144598","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09684879.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09684879.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056810786","display_name":"Lucija \u0160iki\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8011-1055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucija Sikic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8011-1055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034182739","display_name":"Adrian Satja Kurdija","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-0396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Satja Kurdija","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-0396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024279611","display_name":"Klemo Vladimir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-8851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klemo Vladimir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-8851","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052566827","display_name":"Marin \u0160ili\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4896-7689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marin Silic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4896-7689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":17.5265,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99217569,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"10402","last_page":"10415"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.837151825428009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.7957807779312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.6420700550079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax-tree","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","score":0.6227342486381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5145518183708191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.5039176344871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4940843880176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4846709072589874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.480313241481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.46858876943588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.45281165838241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.41650041937828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4156345725059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41319039463996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2906646132469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2801055312156677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.837151825428009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.7957807779312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.6420700550079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.6227342486381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5145518183708191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.5039176344871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4940843880176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4846709072589874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.480313241481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.46858876943588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.45281165838241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.41650041937828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4156345725059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41319039463996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2906646132469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2801055312156677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3144598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3144598","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09684879.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dfecae94c6bf4f0d80cf6ab91b2eb48a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dfecae94c6bf4f0d80cf6ab91b2eb48a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 10402-10415 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3144598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3144598","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09684879.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1317602664","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KK.05.1.1.02.0024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4586600021","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KK.01.2.1.02.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4871033904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HRZZ-IP-01-2018-6423","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322674","funder_display_name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5693393125","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IRI-II KK.01.2.1.02.0192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7170267542","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IP-01-2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322674","funder_display_name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G800076103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IP-01-2018-6423","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322674","funder_display_name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322674","display_name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","ror":"https://ror.org/03n51vw80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206433680.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206433680.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1554055400","https://openalex.org/W1565746575","https://openalex.org/W1587315015","https://openalex.org/W1953529280","https://openalex.org/W1964062576","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1965206591","https://openalex.org/W1974758710","https://openalex.org/W1996565597","https://openalex.org/W2019831608","https://openalex.org/W2025700486","https://openalex.org/W2029123435","https://openalex.org/W2037691959","https://openalex.org/W2045116160","https://openalex.org/W2055784794","https://openalex.org/W2075780741","https://openalex.org/W2112658968","https://openalex.org/W2119016061","https://openalex.org/W2120999344","https://openalex.org/W2121044470","https://openalex.org/W2122195835","https://openalex.org/W2127623179","https://openalex.org/W2135198476","https://openalex.org/W2138428785","https://openalex.org/W2138661194","https://openalex.org/W2139749383","https://openalex.org/W2143637886","https://openalex.org/W2147105902","https://openalex.org/W2158333206","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2160988203","https://openalex.org/W2167363007","https://openalex.org/W2172232422","https://openalex.org/W2282866165","https://openalex.org/W2293891280","https://openalex.org/W2474835145","https://openalex.org/W2511494567","https://openalex.org/W2558748708","https://openalex.org/W2586292313","https://openalex.org/W2587333462","https://openalex.org/W2731935965","https://openalex.org/W2743316948","https://openalex.org/W2791527767","https://openalex.org/W2804535652","https://openalex.org/W2898435572","https://openalex.org/W2903766994","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2937381238","https://openalex.org/W2945699300","https://openalex.org/W2955224058","https://openalex.org/W2955230520","https://openalex.org/W2955426500","https://openalex.org/W2963499994","https://openalex.org/W2964205113","https://openalex.org/W2964321699","https://openalex.org/W3014339000","https://openalex.org/W3016164475","https://openalex.org/W3021635871","https://openalex.org/W3025560095","https://openalex.org/W3041456388","https://openalex.org/W3110943671","https://openalex.org/W3113085184","https://openalex.org/W3141989311","https://openalex.org/W3205694482","https://openalex.org/W3207955138","https://openalex.org/W4206316875","https://openalex.org/W4206730766","https://openalex.org/W4254751698","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637624736","https://openalex.org/W6720006811","https://openalex.org/W6725533135","https://openalex.org/W6734065548","https://openalex.org/W6745034332","https://openalex.org/W6779032261","https://openalex.org/W6991152780"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077104824","https://openalex.org/W2536864162","https://openalex.org/W2390421503","https://openalex.org/W1533028283","https://openalex.org/W2095633838","https://openalex.org/W2364428493","https://openalex.org/W4389751695","https://openalex.org/W4310447811","https://openalex.org/W2387926336","https://openalex.org/W3049398420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Predicting":[0],"defective":[1,90,162,165],"software":[2,18,155],"modules":[3],"before":[4],"testing":[5,19],"is":[6],"a":[7,54,68,72,100,154],"useful":[8],"operation":[9],"that":[10,12,119,180],"ensures":[11],"the":[13,115,128,136,139,144,150,159,181,200,203,209,217],"time":[14],"and":[15,77,141,157,196],"cost":[16],"of":[17,35,45,53,71,121,131,138,149,153,194,202],"can":[20,85,111,124],"be":[21,86,112,125],"reduced.":[22],"In":[23],"recent":[24],"years,":[25],"several":[26],"models":[27,47,191],"have":[28,178],"been":[29],"proposed":[30,182],"for":[31,106,216],"this":[32,83,168],"purpose,":[33],"most":[34,44],"which":[36],"are":[37],"built":[38],"using":[39],"deep":[40],"learning-based":[41],"methods.":[42],"However,":[43],"these":[46],"do":[48],"not":[49,164],"take":[50],"full":[51],"advantage":[52],"source":[55,91,151,173],"code":[56,152],"as":[57,161],"they":[58,64],"ignore":[59],"its":[60],"tree":[61,147],"structure":[62,84],"or":[63,163],"focus":[65],"only":[66],"on":[67,99,167,171,199],"small":[69],"part":[70],"code.":[73],"To":[74],"investigate":[75],"whether":[76],"to":[78,114],"what":[79],"extent":[80],"information":[81,137],"from":[82,143],"beneficial":[87],"in":[88,176,192],"predicting":[89],"code,":[92],"we":[93],"developed":[94],"an":[95],"end-to-end":[96],"model":[97,134,183,210],"based":[98,166],"convolutional":[101],"graph":[102],"neural":[103],"network":[104],"(GCNN)":[105],"defect":[107,189],"prediction,":[108],"whose":[109],"architecture":[110],"adapted":[113],"analyzed":[116,218],"software,":[117],"so":[118],"projects":[120,174],"different":[122],"sizes":[123],"processed":[126],"with":[127],"same":[129],"level":[130],"detail.":[132],"The":[133],"processes":[135],"nodes":[140],"edges":[142],"abstract":[145],"syntax":[146],"(AST)":[148],"module":[156,160],"classifies":[158],"information.":[169],"Experiments":[170],"open":[172],"written":[175],"Java":[177],"shown":[179,212],"performs":[184],"significantly":[185],"better":[186],"than":[187],"traditional":[188],"prediction":[190],"terms":[193],"AUC":[195],"F-score.":[197],"Based":[198],"F-scores":[201],"existing":[204],"<italic":[205],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[206],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">state-of-the-art</i>":[207],"models,":[208],"has":[211],"comparable":[213],"predictive":[214],"capabilities":[215],"projects.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
