{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206066427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3143145","title":"Formal Verification of Blockchain Smart Contracts via ATL Model Checking","display_name":"Formal Verification of Blockchain Smart Contracts via ATL Model Checking","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206066427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3143145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3143145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3143145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09681884.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09681884.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032801269","display_name":"Wonhong Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-347X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonhong Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-347X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036246079","display_name":"Hyunyoung Kil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2377-4079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24456540","display_name":"Korea Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmm0651","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunyoung Kil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2377-4079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.8303,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98521084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"8151","last_page":"8162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8352867960929871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5758691430091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic-underflow","display_name":"Arithmetic underflow","score":0.5564106106758118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5332745313644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.5200005173683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.46275967359542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.4539177715778351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.4300975799560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.33096686005592346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32048124074935913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8352867960929871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5758691430091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3265923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669129","display_name":"Arithmetic underflow","level":2,"score":0.5564106106758118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5332745313644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.5200005173683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.46275967359542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.4539177715778351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.4300975799560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.33096686005592346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32048124074935913}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3143145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3143145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09681884.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05e85ff891774dce9f589d8aebfc2552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/05e85ff891774dce9f589d8aebfc2552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 8151-8162 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3143145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3143145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09681884.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3103919007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1F1A106282813","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6184282755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1F1A105038911","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206066427.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206066427.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W893234787","https://openalex.org/W1489391022","https://openalex.org/W1970603830","https://openalex.org/W1989657183","https://openalex.org/W2031522732","https://openalex.org/W2048905609","https://openalex.org/W2076137686","https://openalex.org/W2115309705","https://openalex.org/W2117189826","https://openalex.org/W2157136508","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2611387232","https://openalex.org/W2729396025","https://openalex.org/W2765547782","https://openalex.org/W2778144710","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2794481009","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2898069736","https://openalex.org/W2898238616","https://openalex.org/W2899357412","https://openalex.org/W2907986389","https://openalex.org/W2913402795","https://openalex.org/W2914735843","https://openalex.org/W2948760025","https://openalex.org/W2955886508","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2979602992","https://openalex.org/W3001243964","https://openalex.org/W3003924369","https://openalex.org/W3006270948","https://openalex.org/W3015325345","https://openalex.org/W3101321551","https://openalex.org/W3103232780","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4288257480","https://openalex.org/W6767115310","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4406264591","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949","https://openalex.org/W4285166115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"blockchain":[1,122],"is":[2,156],"a":[3,9,115,143],"list":[4],"of":[5],"data":[6],"blocks":[7],"as":[8,31],"publicly":[10],"distributed":[11],"ledger,":[12],"which":[13,78],"are":[14,76,79],"linked":[15],"together":[16],"using":[17,126,153],"cryptography.":[18],"By":[19],"allowing":[20],"Turing-complete":[21],"programming":[22],"languages":[23],"to":[24,120,151,171],"implement":[25],"smart":[26,47,72,123,140,184],"contracts,":[27,73],"recent":[28],"blockchains":[29],"such":[30,69],"Ethereum":[32],"can":[33,176],"reduce":[34],"needs":[35],"in":[36,46,71,110,181],"trusted":[37],"intermediators,":[38],"arbitrations":[39],"and":[40,63,84,139,146],"enforcement":[41],"costs.":[42],"However,":[43,87],"subtle":[44,179],"errors":[45,70],"contracts":[48,124,141],"have":[49],"induced":[50],"an":[51,157],"enormous":[52],"financial":[53],"loss\u2014for":[54],"examples,":[55],"the":[56,100,135],"DAO":[57],"attack,":[58],"Parity":[59],"multisignature":[60],"wallet":[61],"attacks,":[62],"integer":[64],"underflow/overflow":[65],"attacks.":[66],"To":[67],"identify":[68,178],"various":[74],"researches":[75],"performed,":[77],"based":[80],"on":[81],"static":[82],"analysis":[83],"theorem":[85],"proving.":[86],"they":[88,97],"only":[89],"support":[90],"inspection":[91],"for":[92,162],"pre-defined":[93],"error":[94],"patterns,":[95],"or":[96,105],"cannot":[98],"explore":[99],"whole":[101],"searching":[102],"space":[103],"exhaustively":[104],"be":[106],"fully":[107],"automatic.":[108],"Hence,":[109],"this":[111],"paper,":[112],"we":[113,133,149,166],"propose":[114],"novel":[116],"formal":[117],"verification":[118],"technique":[119],"analyze":[121],"by":[125],"ATL":[127,159],"model":[128,160],"checking.":[129],"In":[130],"our":[131,174],"methodology,":[132],"represent":[134],"interaction":[136],"between":[137],"users":[138],"into":[142],"two-player":[144],"game":[145],"verify":[147],"properties":[148],"want":[150],"check":[152],"MCMAS":[154],"that":[155,173],"efficient":[158],"checker":[161],"multi-agent":[163],"systems.":[164],"Moreover,":[165],"present":[167],"three":[168],"case":[169],"studies":[170],"show":[172],"proposal":[175],"successfully":[177],"flaws":[180],"real":[182],"world":[183],"contracts.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}