{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206258184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3140036","title":"What Refactoring Topics Do Developers Discuss? A Large Scale Empirical Study Using Stack Overflow","display_name":"What Refactoring Topics Do Developers Discuss? A Large Scale Empirical Study Using Stack Overflow","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206258184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3140036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3140036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3140036","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09667359.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09667359.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002702225","display_name":"Chaima Abid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chaima Abid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science Department, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science Department, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015680924","display_name":"Khouloud Gaaloul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4156-9768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khouloud Gaaloul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science Department, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science Department, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024207305","display_name":"Marouane Kessentini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marouane Kessentini","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071525149","display_name":"Vahid Alizadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5030-9036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Alizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Digital Media, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Digital Media, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002702225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31965691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"56362","last_page":"56374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.840918779373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7870943546295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stack","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","score":0.5618419647216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5104212164878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.43455129861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.37321925163269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.17014750838279724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.840918779373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7870943546295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5618419647216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5104212164878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.43455129861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.37321925163269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.17014750838279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3140036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3140036","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09667359.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b05e576919714ff2ba69348c7aec48a8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b05e576919714ff2ba69348c7aec48a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 56362-56374 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3140036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3140036","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09667359.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206258184.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206258184.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36290627","https://openalex.org/W1487664366","https://openalex.org/W1521332670","https://openalex.org/W1565935466","https://openalex.org/W1568839641","https://openalex.org/W1677598599","https://openalex.org/W1943932403","https://openalex.org/W1969191237","https://openalex.org/W1971984821","https://openalex.org/W1973306813","https://openalex.org/W1975248342","https://openalex.org/W1987438174","https://openalex.org/W2000679946","https://openalex.org/W2008593255","https://openalex.org/W2012397029","https://openalex.org/W2014707654","https://openalex.org/W2014890943","https://openalex.org/W2015538933","https://openalex.org/W2016135927","https://openalex.org/W2019348938","https://openalex.org/W2023031997","https://openalex.org/W2026804661","https://openalex.org/W2029055005","https://openalex.org/W2039978418","https://openalex.org/W2041050902","https://openalex.org/W2041703907","https://openalex.org/W2044898165","https://openalex.org/W2050065895","https://openalex.org/W2056894403","https://openalex.org/W2057494692","https://openalex.org/W2083714857","https://openalex.org/W2087305857","https://openalex.org/W2089910927","https://openalex.org/W2093400716","https://openalex.org/W2096403564","https://openalex.org/W2098664130","https://openalex.org/W2101720091","https://openalex.org/W2106228740","https://openalex.org/W2108395261","https://openalex.org/W2111389122","https://openalex.org/W2113157806","https://openalex.org/W2113628515","https://openalex.org/W2113867035","https://openalex.org/W2116610783","https://openalex.org/W2123813751","https://openalex.org/W2132052677","https://openalex.org/W2137659640","https://openalex.org/W2138756793","https://openalex.org/W2141069252","https://openalex.org/W2142978025","https://openalex.org/W2143017621","https://openalex.org/W2151295763","https://openalex.org/W2152094063","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2154705416","https://openalex.org/W2157532207","https://openalex.org/W2159725273","https://openalex.org/W2166993820","https://openalex.org/W2167937298","https://openalex.org/W2170344504","https://openalex.org/W2238728730","https://openalex.org/W2271635320","https://openalex.org/W2337949013","https://openalex.org/W2343813548","https://openalex.org/W2367248328","https://openalex.org/W2475137645","https://openalex.org/W2483289322","https://openalex.org/W2511548333","https://openalex.org/W2513709417","https://openalex.org/W2522254539","https://openalex.org/W2523517002","https://openalex.org/W2580729925","https://openalex.org/W2601190106","https://openalex.org/W2647728366","https://openalex.org/W2754026734","https://openalex.org/W2754586681","https://openalex.org/W2754927313","https://openalex.org/W2755781547","https://openalex.org/W2755823703","https://openalex.org/W2811038770","https://openalex.org/W2888396063","https://openalex.org/W2942905724","https://openalex.org/W3003280364","https://openalex.org/W4210512919","https://openalex.org/W4213075374","https://openalex.org/W4231266416","https://openalex.org/W4240713887","https://openalex.org/W4240850809","https://openalex.org/W6633062750","https://openalex.org/W6703956642"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313549863","https://openalex.org/W2072205733","https://openalex.org/W2052246872","https://openalex.org/W2395465245","https://openalex.org/W2101762871","https://openalex.org/W3176957927","https://openalex.org/W4296534969","https://openalex.org/W2096877983","https://openalex.org/W3161551626","https://openalex.org/W3089490784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,29,39,121,133,193,223,236,257],"the":[2,36,51,61,74,80,90,100,111,135,143,182,186,205,210,218,225],"growing":[3],"complexity":[4],"of":[5,53,102,142,212],"software":[6,68],"systems,":[7],"there":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"a":[11],"dramatic":[12],"increase":[13],"in":[14,89],"research":[15,22,77,201],"and":[16,49,70,93,118,163,171,185,190,204,248,253],"industry":[17],"demand":[18],"on":[19,60,202,238,261],"refactoring.":[20,103,128,194,262],"Refactoring":[21],"nowadays":[23],"addresses":[24],"challenges":[25,62,180,206,247],"beyond":[26],"code":[27],"transformation":[28],"include,":[30],"but":[31],"not":[32],"limited":[33],"to,":[34],"scheduling":[35],"opportune":[37],"time":[38],"carry":[40],"refactoring,":[41,166],"recommending":[42],"specific":[43],"refactoring":[44,47,67,76,137,179,203,226,240,251],"activities,":[45],"detecting":[46],"opportunities":[48,97],"testing":[50],"correctness":[52],"applied":[54],"refactorings.":[55],"Very":[56],"few":[57],"studies":[58],"focused":[59],"that":[63,155],"practitioners":[64,242],"face":[65],"when":[66],"systems":[69],"what":[71,123,177],"should":[72],"be":[73],"current":[75,187,246,259],"focus":[78,237],"from":[79,110],"developers\u2019":[81],"perspective.":[82],"Without":[83],"such":[84],"knowledge,":[85,214],"tool":[86],"builders":[87],"invest":[88],"wrong":[91],"direction,":[92],"researchers":[94,235],"miss":[95],"many":[96],"for":[98],"improving":[99],"practice":[101],"In":[104],"this":[105,215],"paper,":[106],"we":[107,196],"collected":[108],"data":[109],"popular":[112,145,178],"online":[113],"Q&A":[114],"site,":[115],"Stack":[116,220],"Overflow,":[117],"analyzed":[119],"posts":[120],"identify":[122,224],"do":[124],"developers":[125,156,207],"ask":[126],"about":[127,159,245],"We":[129,153,174],"clustered":[130],"these":[131],"questions":[132,191],"find":[134],"different":[136],"related":[138,192],"topics":[139,189,227],"using":[140],"one":[141],"most":[144,183],"topic":[146],"modeling":[147],"algorithms,":[148],"Latent":[149],"Dirichlet":[150],"Allocation":[151],"(LDA).":[152],"found":[154],"are":[157,181],"asking":[158],"design":[160,162],"patterns,":[161],"user":[164],"interface":[165],"web":[167],"services,":[168],"parallel":[169],"programming,":[170],"mobile":[172],"apps.":[173],"also":[175],"identified":[176],"difficult":[184],"important":[188],"Moreover,":[195],"discovered":[197],"gaps":[198],"between":[199],"existing":[200],"face.":[208],"To":[209],"best":[211],"our":[213],"paper":[216],"represents":[217],"first":[219],"Overflow":[221],"study":[222,232],"discussed":[228],"by":[229],"developers.":[230],"Our":[231],"can":[233],"help":[234],"practical":[239],"problems,":[241],"know":[243],"more":[244],"build":[249],"better":[250],"tools,":[252],"educators":[254],"revise":[255],"curriculum":[256],"target":[258],"needs":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
