{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206669125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139334","title":"Efficient Deep Learning Network With Multi-Streams for Android Malware Family Classification","display_name":"Efficient Deep Learning Network With Multi-Streams for Android Malware Family Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206669125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3139334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139334","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09665792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09665792.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090275270","display_name":"Hyun-Il Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun-Il Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067839300","display_name":"Moonyoung Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-4312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moonyoung Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Science, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Science, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064210973","display_name":"Seong-je Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9917-0429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong-Je Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","Department of Software Science, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9917-0429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Science, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041074726","display_name":"Sang\u2010Il Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0462-0050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Il Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0462-0050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon-ro, Sugi-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.0884,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92562094,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"5518","last_page":"5532"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8820595741271973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.830381453037262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7432419061660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-malware","display_name":"Android malware","score":0.7027727365493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5692728161811829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.5391898155212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5174608826637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4651744067668915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3333832323551178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2495233118534088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20799225568771362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8820595741271973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.830381453037262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7432419061660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989133298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android malware","level":3,"score":0.7027727365493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5692728161811829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.5391898155212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5174608826637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4651744067668915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3333832323551178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2495233118534088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20799225568771362}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3139334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139334","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09665792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e6a90aa4e54a417a8eb0edda6131ce09","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e6a90aa4e54a417a8eb0edda6131ce09","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 5518-5532 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3139334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139334","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09665792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3237233400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A2B5B01001412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8852228081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A2B2004830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337407","display_name":"Division of Human Resource Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03mamvh39"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206669125.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206669125.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2012132268","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2122672392","https://openalex.org/W2125011234","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2311121796","https://openalex.org/W2546419805","https://openalex.org/W2603160474","https://openalex.org/W2620844046","https://openalex.org/W2749928722","https://openalex.org/W2783327762","https://openalex.org/W2790918693","https://openalex.org/W2809379468","https://openalex.org/W2895853133","https://openalex.org/W2896341513","https://openalex.org/W2900275727","https://openalex.org/W2903105746","https://openalex.org/W2951220223","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963003683","https://openalex.org/W2963855133","https://openalex.org/W2969244304","https://openalex.org/W2979774094","https://openalex.org/W2982413766","https://openalex.org/W2989930814","https://openalex.org/W2999032446","https://openalex.org/W3006325478","https://openalex.org/W3006334803","https://openalex.org/W3008497156","https://openalex.org/W3016369654","https://openalex.org/W3034085154","https://openalex.org/W3097730806","https://openalex.org/W3112175136","https://openalex.org/W3129282298","https://openalex.org/W3162825625","https://openalex.org/W3214603488","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6683161558","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6747830458","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6767164110","https://openalex.org/W6781480054","https://openalex.org/W6783637463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195312353","https://openalex.org/W4383468964","https://openalex.org/W3200508744","https://openalex.org/W2717179875","https://openalex.org/W4249118297","https://openalex.org/W4312234627","https://openalex.org/W2507113366","https://openalex.org/W3199551743","https://openalex.org/W4313325645","https://openalex.org/W2462192250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,193,211,221],"important":[2,133],"to":[3,22,130,142],"effectively":[4],"detect,":[5],"mitigate,":[6],"and":[7,27,58,135,172,176,201,230,252],"defend":[8],"against":[9],"Android":[10,14,23,43,77,105],"malware":[11,15,49,55,61,78,111,154,174,217,256],"attacks,":[12],"because":[13],"has":[16],"long":[17],"represented":[18],"a":[19,35,41,68,88,115],"major":[20],"threat":[21],"app":[24,44],"security.":[25],"Characterizing":[26],"classifying":[28],"similar":[29],"malicious":[30,106,138],"apps":[31],"into":[32],"groups":[33],"plays":[34],"particularly":[36],"crucial":[37],"role":[38],"in":[39,93,103,137,208],"building":[40],"secure":[42],"ecosystem.":[45],"The":[46,232],"classification":[47],"of":[48,161,239,254],"families":[50,112],"can":[51],"efficiently":[52],"enhance":[53],"the":[54,84,121,132,150,159,169,189,197,203,209,212,236,249,255],"detection":[56],"process":[57],"systematically":[59],"elucidate":[60],"patterns.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,140,164,177],"propose":[67],"novel":[69],"efficient":[70],"deep":[71],"learning":[72],"network":[73,91,119],"with":[74,168,181,246],"multi-streams":[75,247],"for":[76,87,120,153,216,248],"family":[79,155],"classification.":[80,156],"We":[81,108],"first":[82],"obtain":[83],"input":[85],"data":[86],"convolutional":[89],"neural":[90],"(CNN)":[92],"string":[94],"format":[95],"from":[96],"some":[97],"main":[98,250],"files":[99,122,134,146,251],"or":[100,123,147],"sections":[101,136,148,253],"contained":[102],"each":[104],"app.":[107],"then":[109],"classify":[110],"by":[113,126,241],"applying":[114],"1-dimensional":[116],"convolution":[117,244],"filter-based":[118],"sections.":[124],"Further,":[125],"using":[127,242],"gradient":[128],"analysis":[129],"visualize":[131],"apps,":[139],"attempt":[141],"intuitively":[143],"grasp":[144],"which":[145],"are":[149],"most":[151,213],"significant":[152],"To":[157],"validate":[158],"effectiveness":[160],"our":[162,179],"approach,":[163],"conduct":[165],"extensive":[166],"experiments":[167],"well-known":[170],"DREBIN":[171],"AMD":[173],"datasets,":[175],"compare":[178],"approach":[180],"existing":[182],"methods.":[183],"Our":[184],"experimental":[185],"results":[186],"show":[187],"that":[188,202],"1D":[190,243],"CNN":[191,199],"model":[192],"more":[194,222],"accurate":[195],"than":[196,224],"2D":[198],"model,":[200],"<monospace":[204],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">code_item</monospace>":[206],"part":[207],"classes.dex":[210],"relevant":[214,223],"feature":[215],"classification,":[218],"as":[219,228],"it":[220],"other":[225],"parts":[226],"such":[227],"AndroidManifest.xml":[229],"certificate.":[231],"proposed":[233],"method":[234],"achieves":[235],"best":[237],"accuracy":[238],"93.2%":[240],"filters":[245],"samples.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}