{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206835219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139312","title":"Rainfall Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms for the Various Ecological Zones of Ghana","display_name":"Rainfall Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms for the Various Ecological Zones of Ghana","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206835219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3139312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139312","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09664520.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09664520.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066304232","display_name":"Nana Kofi Ahoi Appiah-Badu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802427971","display_name":"Christian Service University College","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8bzv42","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802427971"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nana Kofi Ahoi Appiah-Badu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana","Department of Computer Science, Christian Service University College, Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Christian Service University College, Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802427971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075557431","display_name":"Yaw Marfo Missah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2926-681X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaw Marfo Missah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2926-681X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001540449","display_name":"Leonard K. Amekudzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2186-3425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonard K. Amekudzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Meteorology and Climate Science Unit, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Meteorology and Climate Science Unit, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058559943","display_name":"Ussiph Najim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Najim Ussiph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076345517","display_name":"Frimpong Twum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1869-7542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Twum Frimpong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087567089","display_name":"Emmanuel Ahene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-1055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Ahene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-1055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.1893,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95247392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"5069","last_page":"5082"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7666096091270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.715408444404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.667117178440094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.647270143032074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6157110333442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5745805501937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.5743658542633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5320540070533752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.5274218320846558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.27478885650634766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7666096091270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.715408444404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.667117178440094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.647270143032074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6157110333442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5745805501937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5743658542633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5320540070533752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.5274218320846558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.27478885650634766}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3139312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139312","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09664520.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:02c03f47041e4be18814353ae1e9bb29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/02c03f47041e4be18814353ae1e9bb29","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 5069-5082 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3139312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3139312","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09664520.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206835219.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206835219.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530663412","https://openalex.org/W1579963711","https://openalex.org/W1919216911","https://openalex.org/W2013361002","https://openalex.org/W2033411138","https://openalex.org/W2082327374","https://openalex.org/W2089034926","https://openalex.org/W2118955746","https://openalex.org/W2142489973","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2342700070","https://openalex.org/W2527863018","https://openalex.org/W2593085984","https://openalex.org/W2606436201","https://openalex.org/W2773188111","https://openalex.org/W2804753925","https://openalex.org/W2904678632","https://openalex.org/W2922019787","https://openalex.org/W2943675418","https://openalex.org/W2966802939","https://openalex.org/W2995378905","https://openalex.org/W4252651434","https://openalex.org/W4256060553","https://openalex.org/W4288088437","https://openalex.org/W6631979249","https://openalex.org/W6757416648","https://openalex.org/W6769069127","https://openalex.org/W6910542800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073883415","https://openalex.org/W3108206494","https://openalex.org/W2739726746","https://openalex.org/W4242380336","https://openalex.org/W4366990902","https://openalex.org/W4317732970","https://openalex.org/W4388550696","https://openalex.org/W4313289487","https://openalex.org/W4321636153","https://openalex.org/W2141272333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"rainfall":[1,22,35],"prediction":[2,23,36],"has":[3,24],"become":[4],"very":[5],"complicated":[6],"in":[7,21,37],"recent":[8],"times":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,29],"climate":[12],"change":[13],"and":[14,61,97,103,111,116,120],"variability.":[15],"The":[16,26,44,65,83],"efficiency":[17],"of":[18,42,68,85,133,137],"classification":[19,32,45,87],"algorithms":[20,33,46,88],"flourished.":[25],"study":[27],"contributes":[28],"using":[30],"various":[31,69,101],"for":[34],"the":[38,75,86,134,138,146,151],"different":[39],"ecological":[40],"zones":[41],"Ghana.":[43],"include":[47],"Decision":[48,140],"Tree":[49,141],"(DT),":[50],"Random":[51],"Forest":[52],"(RF),":[53],"Multilayer":[54],"Perceptron":[55],"(MLP),":[56],"Extreme":[57],"Gradient":[58],"Boosting":[59],"(XGB)":[60],"K-Nearest":[62],"Neighbour":[63],"(KNN).":[64],"dataset,":[66],"consisting":[67],"climatic":[70],"attributes,":[71],"was":[72,89],"sourced":[73],"from":[74],"Ghana":[76],"Meteorological":[77],"Agency":[78],"spanning":[79],"1980":[80],"\u2013":[81],"2019.":[82],"performance":[84],"examined":[90],"based":[91],"on":[92],"precision,":[93],"recall,":[94],"f1-score,":[95],"accuracy":[96],"execution":[98,135],"time":[99,136],"with":[100],"training":[102,110],"testing":[104,112],"data":[105],"ratios.":[106],"On":[107],"all":[108,129],"three":[109],"ratios:":[113],"70:30,":[114],"80:20":[115],"90:10,":[117],"RF,":[118],"XGB":[119],"MLP":[121,149],"performed":[122,126],"well,":[123],"whereas":[124,148],"KNN":[125],"least":[127],"across":[128],"zones.":[130],"In":[131],"terms":[132],"models,":[139],"is":[142],"consistently":[143],"portrayed":[144],"as":[145],"fastest,":[147],"used":[150],"most":[152],"run":[153],"time.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-09T07:52:08.696243","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}