{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205236728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138903","title":"A Novel Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Relay Selection for Broadcasting in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","display_name":"A Novel Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Relay Selection for Broadcasting in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205236728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3138903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138903","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09663410.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09663410.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043702503","display_name":"Abir Mchergui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0232-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68916915","display_name":"University of Gab\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/022efad20","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abir Mchergui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, ISG, Gabes University, Gabes, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0232-9136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, ISG, Gabes University, Gabes, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000490960","display_name":"Tarek Moulahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-3656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092650","display_name":"Buraydah Colleges","ror":"https://ror.org/00j0krs40","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55167344","display_name":"University of Kairouan","ror":"https://ror.org/024mpte60","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55167344"]}],"countries":["SA","TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek Moulahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia","Faculty of Science and Technology of Sidi Bouzid (FSTSB), University of Kairouan, Kairouan, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-3656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650","https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology of Sidi Bouzid (FSTSB), University of Kairouan, Kairouan, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55167344"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043702503"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68916915"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6101,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.683644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"112","last_page":"121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.872209906578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8505053520202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadcasting","display_name":"Broadcasting (networking)","score":0.7097797989845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.5710717439651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.5621830821037292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.5480969548225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5236413478851318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4830970764160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4663136899471283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4602479040622711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4127733111381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.39998191595077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2085772454738617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17394497990608215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.872209906578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8505053520202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110157686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922122","display_name":"Broadcasting (networking)","level":2,"score":0.7097797989845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.5710717439651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.5621830821037292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.5480969548225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5236413478851318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4830970764160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4663136899471283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4602479040622711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4127733111381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39998191595077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2085772454738617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17394497990608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3138903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138903","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09663410.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:633ed618f5544c94b4fa4eaa1101e54d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/633ed618f5544c94b4fa4eaa1101e54d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 112-121 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3138903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138903","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09663410.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205236728.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205236728.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001725496","https://openalex.org/W2005672081","https://openalex.org/W2051913331","https://openalex.org/W2161038061","https://openalex.org/W2295854882","https://openalex.org/W2437488773","https://openalex.org/W2470585283","https://openalex.org/W2587766617","https://openalex.org/W2759359555","https://openalex.org/W2768504797","https://openalex.org/W2887534813","https://openalex.org/W2887732798","https://openalex.org/W2887923816","https://openalex.org/W2889353419","https://openalex.org/W2893587440","https://openalex.org/W2898359547","https://openalex.org/W2899238099","https://openalex.org/W2963949671","https://openalex.org/W2964040198","https://openalex.org/W2991440930","https://openalex.org/W2991888649","https://openalex.org/W3000048572","https://openalex.org/W3007443056","https://openalex.org/W3027737153","https://openalex.org/W3062500726","https://openalex.org/W3084768312","https://openalex.org/W3191683551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027636740","https://openalex.org/W2062688728","https://openalex.org/W2061231656","https://openalex.org/W2771454953","https://openalex.org/W3046762796","https://openalex.org/W3202102306","https://openalex.org/W3046260513","https://openalex.org/W2998294818","https://openalex.org/W45347327","https://openalex.org/W2020269557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"VANETs":[0,33],"(Vehicular":[1],"Ad":[2],"hoc":[3],"NETworks)":[4],"are":[5,14,34],"considered":[6],"among":[7],"the":[8,55,69,97,104,123,150,155,164,169,189,196,204,207,210,214,221,239,244,248,253,260],"world\u2019s":[9],"largest":[10],"networks.":[11],"These":[12],"networks":[13],"providing":[15],"multiple":[16,66],"services":[17],"like":[18],"infotainment":[19],"applications,":[20],"safety":[21],"services,":[22],"driver":[23],"assistance,":[24],"and":[25,40,48,76,88,148,187,213,258],"even":[26],"video":[27],"on":[28,127,199,238],"demand.":[29],"On":[30,54],"one":[31,95],"hand,":[32,57],"characterized":[35],"by":[36,218,251,256,262],"their":[37],"random":[38],"topology":[39],"dynamic":[41,105],"behavior":[42,106],"that":[43,101,220,243],"varies":[44],"in":[45,52,110,149,195],"urban":[46],"context,":[47],"which":[49,241],"highly":[50],"changes":[51],"highways.":[53],"other":[56,193,232],"diffusing":[58],"information":[59],"is":[60,72,134],"a":[61,73,115,128,159,176],"fundamental":[62],"task":[63,71,125],"to":[64,82,93,121,136,144,162],"deliver":[65],"services.":[67],"Thus,":[68],"broadcasting":[70,124,235],"challenging":[74],"problem":[75],"need":[77],"more":[78],"investigation.":[79],"In":[80],"fact,":[81],"achieve":[83],"this":[84,111],"task,":[85],"artificial":[86,139],"intelligence":[87],"learning":[89,130,226,230],"based":[90,126,198,237],"computing":[91],"seem":[92],"be":[94],"of":[96,107,171],"most":[98],"appropriate":[99],"options":[100],"best":[102],"fits":[103],"VANETs.":[108],"Accordingly,":[109],"paper":[112],"we":[113,153,174,185],"propose":[114],"novel":[116],"hybrid":[117],"relay":[118],"selection":[119],"technique":[120,223],"perform":[122],"reinforcement":[129,160,229],"method.":[131],"Our":[132],"proposition":[133],"initially":[135],"combine":[137],"an":[138],"neural":[140],"network-based":[141],"classification":[142],"applied":[143],"select":[145],"forwarding":[146],"nodes,":[147],"second":[151],"phase,":[152],"apply":[154],"Viterbi":[156],"algorithm":[157],"as":[158,203],"tool":[161],"refine":[163],"first":[165],"classification.":[166],"To":[167],"measure":[168],"performance":[170],"our":[172],"contribution,":[173],"adopt":[175],"grid":[177],"map":[178],"scenario":[179],"with":[180,192,228],"varied":[181],"traffic":[182],"densities.":[183],"Afterwards,":[184],"analyze":[186],"compare":[188],"simulation":[190],"results":[191,240],"methods":[194],"literature":[197],"different":[200],"parameters":[201],"such":[202],"success":[205,249],"rate,":[206],"data":[208],"loss,":[209],"saved":[211,254],"rebroadcasts,":[212],"delay.":[215],"We":[216],"conclude":[217],"proving":[219],"proposed":[222,234],"combining":[224],"deep":[225],"along":[227],"outperforms":[231],"recently":[233],"schemes":[236],"show":[242],"new":[245],"solution":[246],"increased":[247],"rate":[250],"16%,":[252],"rebroadcasts":[255],"20%,":[257],"reduced":[259],"delay":[261],"23%.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-10T08:33:47.465468","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}