{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206432179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138528","title":"On the Use of Proof-of-Work in Permissioned Blockchains: Security and Fairness","display_name":"On the Use of Proof-of-Work in Permissioned Blockchains: Security and Fairness","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206432179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138528"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3138528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138528","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09663108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09663108.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033594147","display_name":"Ivan Malakhov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1176-3543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Malakhov","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAIS, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAIS, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005581769","display_name":"Andrea Marin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Marin","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAIS, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAIS, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015760641","display_name":"Sabina Rossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-4439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabina Rossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAIS, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-4439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAIS, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061996265","display_name":"Daria Smuseva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5893-8259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daria Smuseva","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAIS, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAIS, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.9294,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96990736,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1305","last_page":"1316"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9075000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collusion","display_name":"Collusion","score":0.7651912569999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7506843209266663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.6640498638153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.6070206761360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6052114963531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.5496255159378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5193856358528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5065625905990601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.3073556125164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.2844950556755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15313005447387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1037093997001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.08819147944450378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.0821254551410675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.7651912569999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7506843209266663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.6640498638153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.6070206761360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6052114963531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.5496255159378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5193856358528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5065625905990601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.3073556125164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2844950556755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15313005447387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1037093997001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.08819147944450378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.0821254551410675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3138528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138528","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09663108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8891ef514fd841f4b1eb0145181d343d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8891ef514fd841f4b1eb0145181d343d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 1305-1316 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unive.it:10278/3759688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10278/3759688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402336","display_name":"ARCA (Universit\u00e0 Ca' Foscari Venezia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","host_organization_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3138528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3138528","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09663108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6473949287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GNCS 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334079","funder_display_name":"Gruppo Nazionale per il Calcolo Scientifico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311030","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica \"Francesco Severi\"","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx64p53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334079","display_name":"Gruppo Nazionale per il Calcolo Scientifico","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2074012765","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2329912647","https://openalex.org/W2399579591","https://openalex.org/W2486460265","https://openalex.org/W2603574138","https://openalex.org/W2738891482","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2792411544","https://openalex.org/W2792882998","https://openalex.org/W2888940563","https://openalex.org/W2901598045","https://openalex.org/W2905867785","https://openalex.org/W3110783959","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4255535209","https://openalex.org/W6685807058","https://openalex.org/W6747048825","https://openalex.org/W6769970942","https://openalex.org/W6779049091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297726362","https://openalex.org/W4362501973","https://openalex.org/W3184106935","https://openalex.org/W2145120192","https://openalex.org/W4360604748","https://openalex.org/W4249344736","https://openalex.org/W3103461600","https://openalex.org/W2987300744","https://openalex.org/W2952527827","https://openalex.org/W4214672453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,14,74,91],"permissioned":[1,89,120],"blockchains,":[2],"a":[3,62,136,140,161,223],"set":[4],"of":[5,42,72,86,105,124,154,193,218],"identifiable":[6],"miners":[7,100,131,194,213],"validates":[8],"transactions":[9],"and":[10,148,156,205],"creates":[11],"new":[12],"blocks.":[13],"scholarship,":[15],"the":[16,20,27,37,52,57,66,70,79,84,106,122,126,130,173,183,186,190,197,202,206,219,225,232,236],"proposed":[17],"solution":[18,137],"for":[19,98,235],"consensus":[21],"protocol":[22],"is":[23,48],"usually":[24,117],"inspired":[25],"by":[26,177,196,201],"Byzantine":[28],"fault":[29],"tolerance":[30],"(BFT)":[31],"based":[32,138],"on":[33,139],"voting":[34],"rather":[35],"than":[36],"proof-of-work":[38],"(PoW).":[39],"The":[40],"advantage":[41],"PoW":[43,87],"with":[44],"respect":[45],"to":[46,55,60,68,101,144,167,171,188,208,230],"BFT":[47],"that":[49,81],"it":[50,94],"allows":[51],"final":[53],"user":[54],"evaluate":[56],"cost":[58],"required":[59],"change":[61],"confirmed":[63],"transaction":[64],"without":[65],"need":[67,187,207],"trust":[69,189],"consortium":[71,192],"miners.":[73,179],"this":[75],"paper,":[76],"we":[77,159],"analyse":[78,149],"problems":[80,147],"arise":[82],"from":[83],"application":[85],"in":[88,119,152,165],"blockchains.":[90],"standard":[92],"PoW,":[93],"may":[95],"be":[96,228],"easy":[97],"colluded":[99],"temporarily":[102],"reach":[103],"50%":[104,217],"total":[107,220],"hash":[108,174],"power":[109,175],"(HP).":[110],"Moreover,":[111],"since":[112],"mining":[113,203],"rewards":[114],"are":[115],"not":[116],"expected":[118],"contexts,":[121],"problem":[123],"balancing":[125],"computational":[127],"efforts":[128],"among":[129,211],"becomes":[132],"crucial.":[133],"We":[134],"propose":[135],"sliding":[141,237],"window":[142,238],"algorithm":[143],"address":[145],"these":[146],"its":[150,169],"effectiveness":[151],"terms":[153],"fairness":[155],"security.":[157],"Furthermore,":[158],"present":[160],"quantitative,":[162],"analytical":[163],"model":[164,226],"order":[166],"assess":[168],"capacity":[170],"balance":[172],"provided":[176],"heterogeneous":[178],"Our":[180],"study":[181],"considers":[182],"trade-off":[184],"between":[185],"entire":[191],"guaranteed":[195],"global":[198],"HP":[199],"invested":[200],"process":[204],"prevent":[209],"collusion":[210],"malicious":[212],"aimed":[214],"at":[215],"reaching":[216],"HP.":[221],"As":[222],"result,":[224],"can":[227],"used":[229],"find":[231],"optimal":[233],"parameters":[234],"protocol.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}