{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206361623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137560","title":"Satellite-Based Non-Terrestrial Networks in 5G: Insights and Challenges","display_name":"Satellite-Based Non-Terrestrial Networks in 5G: Insights and Challenges","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206361623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137560"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3137560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137560","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09658559.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09658559.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060463478","display_name":"Ata Sattarzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3167-2796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ata Sattarzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3167-2796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101678992","display_name":"Yun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3916-3355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3916-3355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088958746","display_name":"Abdelrahim Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-1235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelrahim Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-1235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048422227","display_name":"Ruiliang Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiliang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002566516","display_name":"Pei Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027163248","display_name":"Zhiqun Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1498-6689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100758743","display_name":"Haipeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0842-5106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032549075","display_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-8639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-8639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5GIC and 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019420314","display_name":"Chuanfeng Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanfeng Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, The 54th Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":34.0571,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99469922,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"11274","last_page":"11283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.6826823949813843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6420185565948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.6317242980003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.6107527613639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.5026252269744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.45056217908859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-partnership","display_name":"General partnership","score":0.43710607290267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43246641755104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12240833044052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.11623167991638184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.6826823949813843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6420185565948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.6317242980003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.6107527613639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.5026252269744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.45056217908859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.43710607290267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43246641755104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12240833044052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.11623167991638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3137560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137560","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09658559.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11156620760002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7dabf4cfc0b74e60aeeca69334d36ef1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7dabf4cfc0b74e60aeeca69334d36ef1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 11274-11283 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3137560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137560","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09658559.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206361623.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206361623.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807554399","https://openalex.org/W2921679472","https://openalex.org/W2989311176","https://openalex.org/W3007804894","https://openalex.org/W3009165660","https://openalex.org/W3104650338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378767206","https://openalex.org/W1540871478","https://openalex.org/W328308450","https://openalex.org/W282641168","https://openalex.org/W2376963063","https://openalex.org/W2066396794","https://openalex.org/W2366734808","https://openalex.org/W73073636","https://openalex.org/W1915193838","https://openalex.org/W2332531247"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-terrestrial":[0],"networks":[1,15,109,158],"(NTNs)":[2],"will":[3,16],"become":[4],"an":[5],"indispensable":[6],"part":[7,211],"of":[8,139,162,173,195],"future":[9,128],"wireless":[10,108,129],"networks.":[11,130,188],"Integration":[12],"with":[13,159,182,203],"terrestrial":[14,24,107],"provide":[17,152,213],"new":[18],"opportunities":[19],"for":[20],"both":[21],"satellite":[22,105],"and":[23,27,56,85,106,123,177,179,212,223],"telecommunication":[25],"industries":[26],"therefore":[28],"there":[29],"is":[30,74,137,145],"a":[31,37],"need":[32],"to":[33,66,77,120,151,155,169,218],"harmonize":[34],"them":[35,181],"in":[36,53,71,126,186,200],"unified":[38],"technological":[39],"framework.":[40],"Among":[41],"different":[42],"NTNs,":[43],"low":[44,86],"earth":[45],"orbit":[46],"(LEO)":[47],"satellites":[48],"have":[49,59,98,110,166],"gained":[50],"increasing":[51],"attention":[52],"recent":[54,90],"years":[55],"several":[57,78],"companies":[58],"filed":[60],"federal":[61],"communication":[62],"commission":[63],"(FCC)":[64],"proposals":[65],"deploy":[67],"their":[68],"LEO":[69,92],"constellation":[70],"space.":[72],"This":[73],"mainly":[75],"due":[76],"desired":[79],"features":[80],"such":[81,95],"as":[82,96],"large":[83],"capacity":[84],"latency.":[87],"In":[88,102,189],"addition,":[89],"successful":[91],"network":[93,209],"deployments":[94],"Starlink":[97],"motivated":[99],"other":[100],"companies.":[101],"the":[103,127,140,156,160,174,183,196,206,220,227],"past":[104],"been":[111,167],"evolving":[112],"separately":[113],"but":[114],"now":[115],"they":[116],"are":[117],"joining":[118],"forces":[119],"enhance":[121],"coverage":[122],"connectivity":[124],"experience":[125],"The":[131],"3rd":[132],"Generation":[133],"Partnership":[134],"Project":[135],"(3GPP)":[136],"one":[138],"dominating":[141],"standardization":[142],"bodies":[143],"that":[144],"working":[146],"on":[147,205,226],"various":[148],"technical":[149,198],"aspects":[150],"ubiquitous":[153],"access":[154,208],"5G":[157,171,201],"aid":[161],"NTNs.":[163],"Initial":[164],"steps":[165],"taken":[168],"adopt":[170],"state":[172],"art":[175],"technologies":[176],"concepts":[178],"harmonized":[180],"conditions":[184],"met":[185],"non-terrestrial":[187],"this":[190],"article,":[191],"we":[192],"review":[193],"some":[194,214],"important":[197],"considerations":[199],"NTNs":[202],"emphasis":[204],"radio":[207],"(RAN)":[210],"simulation":[215],"based":[216],"results":[217],"assess":[219],"required":[221],"modifications":[222],"shed":[224],"light":[225],"design":[228],"considerations.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
