{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205642952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137387","title":"Signal Processing for TDM MIMO FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensors","display_name":"Signal Processing for TDM MIMO FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensors","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205642952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3137387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137387","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09658500.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09658500.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724565","display_name":"Xinrong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-243X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinrong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #310440, Denton, Texas 76203 USA. (e-mail: xinrong.li@unt.edu)","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #310440, Denton, Texas 76203 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #310440, Denton, Texas 76203 USA. (e-mail: xinrong.li@unt.edu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #310440, Denton, Texas 76203 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382658","display_name":"Xiaodong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2945-9240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #310440, Denton, Texas 76203 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #310440, Denton, Texas 76203 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007428030","display_name":"Qing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #311366, Denton, Texas 76203 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #311366, Denton, Texas 76203 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082758762","display_name":"Song Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7705-0829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #311366, Denton, Texas 76203 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas (UNT), 1155 Union Circle #311366, Denton, Texas 76203 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100724565"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":105.1017,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":171,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99947988,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"167959","last_page":"167971"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.6085126996040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.5788910984992981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.5310968160629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5235554575920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48999086022377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.46986517310142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4516999125480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.41561371088027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39815208315849304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3284619152545929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.32721173763275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17169338464736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.164688378572464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.1316470503807068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.6085126996040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.5788910984992981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.5310968160629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5235554575920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48999086022377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.46986517310142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4516999125480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.41561371088027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39815208315849304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3284619152545929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.32721173763275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17169338464736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.164688378572464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.1316470503807068}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3137387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137387","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09658500.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:daaa8af0eb8043a685faf1df71e5414d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/daaa8af0eb8043a685faf1df71e5414d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 167959-167971 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3137387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137387","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09658500.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1661319800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1852134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1731975950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OAC-2017564","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1784947659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2113805","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6826730685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2010332","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7550793203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2037982","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310911","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205642952.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205642952.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595851582","https://openalex.org/W1488131479","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2031915318","https://openalex.org/W2043004385","https://openalex.org/W2079302539","https://openalex.org/W2153594606","https://openalex.org/W2156821419","https://openalex.org/W2315431709","https://openalex.org/W2592680288","https://openalex.org/W2744278467","https://openalex.org/W2802930401","https://openalex.org/W2803255255","https://openalex.org/W2914111477","https://openalex.org/W2914202397","https://openalex.org/W2939308603","https://openalex.org/W2953842422","https://openalex.org/W2954276429","https://openalex.org/W2954377489","https://openalex.org/W2972356219","https://openalex.org/W2973146207","https://openalex.org/W2973616902","https://openalex.org/W2990710319","https://openalex.org/W2995412367","https://openalex.org/W2996257370","https://openalex.org/W3005455080","https://openalex.org/W3006143078","https://openalex.org/W3013051083","https://openalex.org/W3034263263","https://openalex.org/W3035118843","https://openalex.org/W3085866279","https://openalex.org/W3098782124","https://openalex.org/W3103612787","https://openalex.org/W3112082645","https://openalex.org/W3118468178","https://openalex.org/W3120384044","https://openalex.org/W3126962245","https://openalex.org/W3154732924","https://openalex.org/W3154838776","https://openalex.org/W3170361094","https://openalex.org/W3176530818","https://openalex.org/W3194019151","https://openalex.org/W3201922462","https://openalex.org/W4249459349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2142793224","https://openalex.org/W3177020083","https://openalex.org/W4296425733","https://openalex.org/W2892233029","https://openalex.org/W4285814362","https://openalex.org/W4352982730","https://openalex.org/W2027415419","https://openalex.org/W2103897432","https://openalex.org/W604796468","https://openalex.org/W2158590228"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,219,238],"tutorial":[2,149],"paper,":[3],"we":[4],"systematically":[5],"present":[6],"the":[7,15,24,45,61,90,94,127,153,157,172,247,250],"fundamental":[8,128],"operating":[9],"principles":[10],"and":[11,47,58,68,74,200,214,229,232,244],"analytical":[12,195,215,242],"details":[13,155,183,213],"of":[14,44,60,63,71,108,120,139,156,174,202,249],"discrete":[16],"Fourier":[17],"transform":[18],"based":[19],"signal":[20,121,130,205],"processing":[21,122,131,206],"techniques":[22,132,207],"for":[23,141,168,208],"TDM":[25,159,251],"MIMO":[26,101,160,252],"FMCW":[27,161],"millimeter-wave":[28],"(mmWave)":[29],"automotive":[30,97,175,209],"radars.":[31,177],"The":[32,211],"mmWave":[33,176],"radars":[34,78,98],"provide":[35,86],"a":[36,105,117,136,187,193],"key":[37],"sensing":[38],"capability":[39],"to":[40,55,65,81,85,111,184,197,225,240,245],"support":[41],"safety":[42],"features":[43],"conventional":[46],"autonomous":[48],"vehicles.":[49],"Automotive":[50,77],"radar":[51,129,143,162,204,253],"sensors":[52],"are":[53,79,133,235],"used":[54],"detect":[56],"presence":[57],"location":[59],"objects":[62],"interest":[64],"derive":[66],"comprehensive":[67],"accurate":[69],"knowledge":[70],"road":[72],"conditions":[73],"surrounding":[75],"environments.":[76],"subjected":[80],"an":[82],"increasing":[83],"demand":[84],"high-resolution":[87],"measurements":[88],"in":[89,104,113,135,171,218,237,255],"range-Doppler-azimuth-elevation":[91],"domains.":[92],"Therefore,":[93],"current":[95],"state-of-the-art":[96],"commonly":[99],"employ":[100],"technologies,":[102],"resulting":[103],"large":[106,137],"block":[107],"multidimensional":[109],"data":[110],"process":[112],"real":[114],"time":[115],"through":[116],"long":[118],"chain":[119],"algorithms.":[123],"Detailed":[124],"coverage":[125],"on":[126],"scattered":[134],"body":[138],"literature":[140],"classical":[142],"systems.":[144],"Currently,":[145],"there":[146],"is":[147],"no":[148],"available":[150],"that":[151],"covers":[152],"technical":[154,182],"latest":[158],"technology,":[163],"making":[164],"it":[165],"extremely":[166],"hard":[167],"new":[169],"researchers":[170],"field":[173],"This":[178],"paper":[179,220,239],"contains":[180],"sufficient":[181],"serve":[185],"as":[186],"tutorial.":[188],"It":[189],"can":[190,221],"help":[191],"lay":[192],"solid":[194],"foundation":[196],"facilitate":[198],"exploration":[199],"development":[201],"advanced":[203],"applications.":[210],"algorithmic":[212],"results":[216,234],"presented":[217,236],"be":[222],"readily":[223],"applied":[224],"both":[226],"real-time":[227],"implementation":[228],"post-processing.":[230],"Simulation":[231],"experimental":[233],"validate":[241],"derivations":[243],"demonstrate":[246],"capabilities":[248],"sensor":[254],"practical":[256],"implementations.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
