{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206812311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136782","title":"Quality of Service of Quantum Entanglement in Mobile Networks","display_name":"Quality of Service of Quantum Entanglement in Mobile Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206812311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3136782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136782","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09656177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09656177.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012826964","display_name":"Yassir Al-Karawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2959-3893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yassir Al-Karawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Brunel University London,UK. (e-mail: 2002370@brunel.ac.uk)","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Brunel University London,UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2959-3893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Brunel University London,UK. (e-mail: 2002370@brunel.ac.uk)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Brunel University London,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074917497","display_name":"Raad S. Alhumaima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-5965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78277041","display_name":"University of Diyala","ror":"https://ror.org/01eb5yv70","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78277041"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raad S. Alhumaima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-5965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78277041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036588740","display_name":"Hamed Al\u2010Raweshidy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3702-8192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Al-Raweshidy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Brunel University London,UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3702-8192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Brunel University London,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012826964"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.42,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71156092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"167242","last_page":"167251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.733777642250061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.632642388343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45869678258895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.3386189937591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12960976362228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.12224560976028442}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.733777642250061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.632642388343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45869678258895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3386189937591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12960976362228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.12224560976028442}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3136782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136782","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09656177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/23766","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/23766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b730ae7d52de4a34b7d0c447834c5fc4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b730ae7d52de4a34b7d0c447834c5fc4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 167242-167251 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3136782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136782","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09656177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5235137900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10000355437","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324766","funder_display_name":"Brunel University London"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324766","display_name":"Brunel University London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206812311.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206812311.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W329567590","https://openalex.org/W586706918","https://openalex.org/W1455054925","https://openalex.org/W1575490044","https://openalex.org/W1985989979","https://openalex.org/W2031585547","https://openalex.org/W2039019529","https://openalex.org/W2045140905","https://openalex.org/W2051981547","https://openalex.org/W2069840277","https://openalex.org/W2086229459","https://openalex.org/W2092105345","https://openalex.org/W2106246265","https://openalex.org/W2118421871","https://openalex.org/W2125560635","https://openalex.org/W2127688694","https://openalex.org/W2130116104","https://openalex.org/W2134853529","https://openalex.org/W2137676761","https://openalex.org/W2141140927","https://openalex.org/W2146746095","https://openalex.org/W2173810284","https://openalex.org/W2199349817","https://openalex.org/W2322697701","https://openalex.org/W2326767567","https://openalex.org/W2341846527","https://openalex.org/W2402293753","https://openalex.org/W2407119547","https://openalex.org/W2545834589","https://openalex.org/W2605993734","https://openalex.org/W2612090305","https://openalex.org/W2618329497","https://openalex.org/W2751561615","https://openalex.org/W2990831233","https://openalex.org/W2995982023","https://openalex.org/W3010730775","https://openalex.org/W3022352698","https://openalex.org/W3036547326","https://openalex.org/W3043953517","https://openalex.org/W3048822210","https://openalex.org/W3048844821","https://openalex.org/W3092994636","https://openalex.org/W3094656117","https://openalex.org/W3102018666","https://openalex.org/W3103561649","https://openalex.org/W3154296704","https://openalex.org/W3159192712","https://openalex.org/W3176387691","https://openalex.org/W3181136717","https://openalex.org/W3182779642","https://openalex.org/W3194062386","https://openalex.org/W3207110362","https://openalex.org/W6611291811","https://openalex.org/W6744152016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2258058860","https://openalex.org/W2065830994","https://openalex.org/W2092555887","https://openalex.org/W1964921276","https://openalex.org/W2741523612","https://openalex.org/W2102682197","https://openalex.org/W2101135880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1],"many":[2],"problems":[3],"in":[4,147],"cellular":[5],"communications":[6,13,46],"cannot":[7],"be":[8],"resolved":[9],"traditionally.":[10],"The":[11],"quantum":[12,42,63,112,149],"can":[14],"add":[15],"new":[16],"dimensions,":[17],"safety,":[18],"encryption":[19],"and":[20,59,95],"solution":[21],"to":[22,39,65,76,104,134,138],"the":[23,41,44,56,66,78,81,88,93,98,111,115,119,126,132,139,144,148,156],"traditional":[24,45,140],"networks":[25],"because":[26,47],"of":[27,80,121,128],"its":[28],"robust":[29],"physical":[30],"strength.":[31],"However,":[32],"it":[33,48],"is":[34,49],"not":[35,50],"entirely":[36,51],"realised":[37],"how":[38],"adapt":[40],"into":[43,114],"utilised.":[52],"This":[53],"paper":[54],"addresses":[55],"necessary":[57],"guidelines":[58],"assessments":[60],"for":[61],"future":[62],"solutions":[64],"standard":[67],"mobile":[68],"cloud":[69,100,116],"networks.":[70],"In":[71,142],"particular,":[72],"using":[73],"entanglement":[74],"phenomenon":[75],"increase":[77],"performance":[79],"X2":[82],"application":[83],"(X2-AP)":[84],"protocol":[85],"by":[86,92,117,159],"minimising":[87],"overhead":[89],"signalling,":[90],"represented":[91],"time":[94],"energy":[96,145],"consumption":[97,158],"conventional":[99],"encounters.":[101],"We":[102],"intended":[103],"offer":[105],"a":[106],"delay":[107,133],"reduction":[108],"while":[109,154],"adapting":[110],"technique":[113],"modelling":[118],"latency":[120],"both":[122],"paradigms.":[123],"Finally,":[124],"increasing":[125],"number":[127],"photons":[129],"has":[130,151],"decreased":[131],"about":[135,160],"40%":[136],"compared":[137],"network.":[141],"addition,":[143],"efficiency":[146],"case":[150],"been":[152],"increased":[153],"decreasing":[155],"power":[157],"10%.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}