{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206070366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136155","title":"Bidirectional LSTM-Based Soft Sensor for Rotor Displacement Trajectory Estimation","display_name":"Bidirectional LSTM-Based Soft Sensor for Rotor Displacement Trajectory Estimation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206070366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3136155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136155","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09654210.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09654210.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082076190","display_name":"Jesse Miettinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8864-7973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jesse Miettinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland. (e-mail: Jesse.Miettinen@aalto.fi)","Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8864-7973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland. (e-mail: Jesse.Miettinen@aalto.fi)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070855748","display_name":"Tuomas Tiainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9682-8221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuomas Tiainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102979758","display_name":"Risto Viitala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2301-3456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Risto Viitala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087692791","display_name":"Kari Hiekkanen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8091-1792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kari Hiekkanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Department of Computer Science, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8091-1792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Department of Computer Science, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043476439","display_name":"Raine Viitala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1672-1921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raine Viitala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1672-1921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082076190"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1388,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49306626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"167556","last_page":"167569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11372","display_name":"Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.7920870780944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.71340411901474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displacement","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","score":0.6392666101455688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotor","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","score":0.5112855434417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.45187610387802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.41973063349723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41400203108787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3886767327785492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12213075160980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11621057987213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.05720949172973633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.7920870780944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.71340411901474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6392666101455688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17281054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193466","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","level":2,"score":0.5112855434417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.45187610387802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.41973063349723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41400203108787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3886767327785492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12213075160980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11621057987213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.05720949172973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3136155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136155","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09654210.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/112156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9654210/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401663","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:893c9bf988064fc9b28a545d7d53882a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/893c9bf988064fc9b28a545d7d53882a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 167556-167569 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3136155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3136155","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09654210.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1272681424","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Optimization for Production Lines Deploying Rotating Machinery","funder_award_id":"335717","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G320740612","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4356/31/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8550501658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"335717","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321394","display_name":"Aalto-Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206070366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206070366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1544577158","https://openalex.org/W1968763291","https://openalex.org/W1990384678","https://openalex.org/W2000651380","https://openalex.org/W2044533293","https://openalex.org/W2062368510","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2067338244","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2102113734","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2136876974","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2293589523","https://openalex.org/W2786583476","https://openalex.org/W2789290525","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2912412749","https://openalex.org/W2920714358","https://openalex.org/W2944851425","https://openalex.org/W2987885627","https://openalex.org/W2998084618","https://openalex.org/W3007389203","https://openalex.org/W3011475457","https://openalex.org/W3013188259","https://openalex.org/W3015966228","https://openalex.org/W3018726150","https://openalex.org/W3036543470","https://openalex.org/W3049245893","https://openalex.org/W3123899295","https://openalex.org/W3157665627","https://openalex.org/W4241904553","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6675365184","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6794902961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4323768008","https://openalex.org/W1941703695","https://openalex.org/W3131574667","https://openalex.org/W4360995134","https://openalex.org/W4248382324","https://openalex.org/W3023605104","https://openalex.org/W2039473718","https://openalex.org/W2387529410","https://openalex.org/W2383578611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Constant":[0],"rotor":[1,31,72,88,103],"system":[2,32,73],"monitoring":[3,74],"enables":[4],"timely":[5],"control":[6],"and":[7,17,43,67,79,89,117],"maintenance":[8],"actions":[9],"that":[10,49],"decrease":[11,151],"the":[12,102,105,127,135,139,160,166],"likelihood":[13],"of":[14,28,46,101,113,126,156],"severe":[15],"malfunctions":[16],"end":[18],"product":[19],"quality":[20],"deficits.":[21],"Soft":[22],"sensors":[23],"represent":[24],"a":[25,39,47,57,68,86,110,154],"promising":[26],"branch":[27],"solutions":[29],"enhancing":[30],"monitoring.":[33],"A":[34],"soft":[35,58,94,129,145],"sensor":[36,42,59,95,130,146],"can":[37],"substitute":[38],"malfunctioning":[40],"physical":[41],"provide":[44],"estimates":[45,97],"quantity":[48],"is":[50,131,148,163],"difficult":[51],"to":[52,150,153],"measure.":[53],"This":[54,83],"research":[55],"demonstrates":[56],"based":[60],"on":[61],"bidirectional":[62],"long":[63],"short-term":[64],"memory":[65],"(LSTM),":[66],"training":[69,161],"procedure":[70],"for":[71],"at":[75],"high":[76],"sampling":[77],"frequency":[78],"varied":[80],"operating":[81,141],"conditions.":[82],"study":[84],"adopts":[85],"large":[87,111],"bearing":[90,106],"vibration":[91],"dataset.":[92],"The":[93,121,144],"accurately":[96],"lateral":[98],"displacement":[99],"trajectories":[100,137],"from":[104],"reaction":[107],"forces":[108],"over":[109,134],"range":[112],"constant":[114,118],"rotating":[115,167],"speeds":[116],"support":[119],"stiffnesses.":[120],"mean":[122],"absolute":[123],"error":[124],"(MAE)":[125],"LSTM-based":[128],"0.0063":[132],"mm":[133],"test":[136],"in":[138,165],"complete":[140],"condition":[142],"space.":[143],"performance":[147],"shown":[149],"significantly":[152],"MAE":[155],"0.0442":[157],"mm,":[158],"if":[159],"dataset":[162],"limited":[164],"speed":[168],"range.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}