{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206724325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135600","title":"Single-Trace Attack on NIST Round 3 Candidate Dilithium Using Machine Learning-Based Profiling","display_name":"Single-Trace Attack on NIST Round 3 Candidate Dilithium Using Machine Learning-Based Profiling","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206724325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3135600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135600","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09650852.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09650852.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029078959","display_name":"Jaeseung Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-2315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeseung Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Financial Information Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-2315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Financial Information Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100759361","display_name":"Tae-Ho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0892-5414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taeho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Financial Information Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0892-5414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Financial Information Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027004897","display_name":"Jihoon Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-4189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihoon Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Research Center, Samsung SDS, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-4189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Research Center, Samsung SDS, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100715095","display_name":"Joohee Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1901-2410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joohee Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Convergence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1901-2410","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Convergence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085000317","display_name":"Il-Ju Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-1013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Il-Ju Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Financial Information Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-1013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Financial Information Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101735757","display_name":"Jihoon Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-4323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihoon Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Research Center, Samsung SDS, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Research Center, Samsung SDS, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050707173","display_name":"Dong\u2010Guk Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-5103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Guk Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Financial Information Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-5103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Financial Information Security, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022827279","display_name":"Bo-Yeon Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6446-1020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096079","display_name":"INC Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00qytmr47","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096079"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Yeon Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Convergence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea. (e-mail: qjdusls@kookmin.ac.kr)",", , Inc . , , of"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6446-1020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Convergence Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea. (e-mail: qjdusls@kookmin.ac.kr)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", , Inc . , , of","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9795,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81413982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"166283","last_page":"166292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.759482741355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7034890055656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilithium","display_name":"Dilithium","score":0.6774992346763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5739568471908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.545708954334259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.5028361678123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.4764138460159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4735752046108246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptanalysis","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","score":0.46527621150016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.09867280721664429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.0911293625831604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.759482741355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7034890055656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775951159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189242","display_name":"Dilithium","level":4,"score":0.6774992346763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5739568471908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.545708954334259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.5028361678123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.4764138460159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4735752046108246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181149355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897511","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","level":3,"score":0.46527621150016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.09867280721664429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.0911293625831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118629725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2686738","display_name":"Deprotonation","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3135600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135600","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09650852.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c5a60ae7cb714a2bbdcf1b5d7fcd5f17","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c5a60ae7cb714a2bbdcf1b5d7fcd5f17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 166283-166292 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3135600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135600","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09650852.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4715969525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-00903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G564323796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UD210027XD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317311","funder_display_name":"Military Crypto Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7173070179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-00903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317311","display_name":"Military Crypto Research Center","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206724325.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206724325.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49132692","https://openalex.org/W1506156414","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2284081067","https://openalex.org/W2298330307","https://openalex.org/W2740580365","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2895182117","https://openalex.org/W2897986553","https://openalex.org/W2972972326","https://openalex.org/W3037033594","https://openalex.org/W3097833434","https://openalex.org/W3127016245","https://openalex.org/W3183184671","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4242970760","https://openalex.org/W4254706618"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158626348","https://openalex.org/W2950221173","https://openalex.org/W2158491338","https://openalex.org/W1497363736","https://openalex.org/W2951963551","https://openalex.org/W4200446781","https://openalex.org/W4385711937","https://openalex.org/W3028997939","https://openalex.org/W3043278706","https://openalex.org/W1946499719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,58,89],"propose":[4],"single-trace":[5],"side-channel":[6],"attacks":[7],"against":[8],"CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM.":[9],"CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM":[10,47],"is":[11],"a":[12,50,104,120],"lattice-based":[13],"digital":[14],"signature":[15],"algorithm,":[16],"one":[17],"of":[18,23,27,46,71],"the":[19,24,40,55,75,85,112],"third":[20],"round":[21],"finalists":[22],"national":[25],"institute":[26],"standards":[28],"and":[29,43,66,97,117],"technology":[30],"(NIST)":[31],"standardization":[32],"project.":[33],"We":[34,102],"attack":[35,91,108],"number-theoretic":[36],"transform":[37],"(NTT)":[38],"in":[39],"signing":[41,56],"procedure":[42],"key":[44,63,77,86,114],"generation":[45],"to":[48,99,110],"obtain":[49],"secret":[51,62,76,113],"key.":[52],"When":[53],"targeting":[54,84],"procedure,":[57],"can":[59,80],"recover":[60],"both":[61],"vectors":[64,115],"s1":[65,79,116],"s2.":[67,101],"This":[68],"enables":[69],"forgery":[70],"signatures.":[72],"However,":[73],"only":[74],"vector":[78],"be":[81],"recovered":[82],"when":[83],"generation.":[87],"Thus,":[88],"additionally":[90],"four":[92],"operations,":[93],"sampling,":[94],"addition,":[95],"rounding,":[96],"packing,":[98],"find":[100,111],"applied":[103],"machine":[105],"learning-based":[106],"profiling":[107],"method":[109],"s2":[118],"with":[119],"single":[121],"trace.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
