{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206570225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135545","title":"Microwave Synthesizer and Self-Adaption System for High Performance Coherent Population Trapping Atomic Clocks","display_name":"Microwave Synthesizer and Self-Adaption System for High Performance Coherent Population Trapping Atomic Clocks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206570225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3135545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135545","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09650899.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09650899.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026165559","display_name":"Minghao Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-824X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghao Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China and College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-824X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China and College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102958104","display_name":"Junyi Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3402-5890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyi Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3402-5890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425320","display_name":"Xueying Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6445-8887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55538621","display_name":"China Jiliang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v1y0t93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060296437","display_name":"Qina Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5965-0564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qina Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110373379","display_name":"Yang Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103123640","display_name":"Kunli Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-5127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunli Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049266033","display_name":"Ning Ru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4246-1422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Ru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4246-1422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065109893","display_name":"Peter Yun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9269-4705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093645","display_name":"National Time Service Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00655qp86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210093645"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093645","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031441602","display_name":"Xiaochi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-4195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162136","display_name":"National Institute of Metrology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dw0p167","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China. (e-mail: liuxch@nim.ac.cn)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-4195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China. (e-mail: liuxch@nim.ac.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1495,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"3177","last_page":"3181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-clock","display_name":"Atomic clock","score":0.8418563604354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.7986876964569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-synthesizer","display_name":"Frequency synthesizer","score":0.7282110452651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-digital-synthesizer","display_name":"Direct digital synthesizer","score":0.6531161069869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbc","display_name":"dBc","score":0.6343343257904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.6246417164802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.40400582551956177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3979509770870209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3420933783054352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2934204936027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.27753740549087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.23892489075660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15338090062141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14159420132637024}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.8418563604354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.7986876964569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182099602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2660678","display_name":"Frequency synthesizer","level":4,"score":0.7282110452651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166089067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227465","display_name":"Direct digital synthesizer","level":5,"score":0.6531161069869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193523891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771950","display_name":"dBc","level":3,"score":0.6343343257904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.6246417164802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.40400582551956177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3979509770870209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3420933783054352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2934204936027527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.27753740549087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.23892489075660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15338090062141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14159420132637024}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3135545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135545","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09650899.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d397037e8424a08b1d43d3cb93d2b69","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d397037e8424a08b1d43d3cb93d2b69","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 3177-3181 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3135545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135545","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09650899.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8907253456","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61975194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206570225.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206570225.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979016926","https://openalex.org/W1979698616","https://openalex.org/W1981287605","https://openalex.org/W1988578317","https://openalex.org/W2010283250","https://openalex.org/W2012583559","https://openalex.org/W2050908506","https://openalex.org/W2056460054","https://openalex.org/W2057297089","https://openalex.org/W2077071613","https://openalex.org/W2085585377","https://openalex.org/W2100804102","https://openalex.org/W2104033705","https://openalex.org/W2104210223","https://openalex.org/W2153370252","https://openalex.org/W2154111495","https://openalex.org/W2171870164","https://openalex.org/W2529206907","https://openalex.org/W2535915261","https://openalex.org/W2611067290","https://openalex.org/W2770099491","https://openalex.org/W2803113773","https://openalex.org/W2993772135","https://openalex.org/W3098783596","https://openalex.org/W3102347073","https://openalex.org/W3104434050","https://openalex.org/W3133896336","https://openalex.org/W3165871666","https://openalex.org/W6605518685","https://openalex.org/W6753440437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371029054","https://openalex.org/W2370071821","https://openalex.org/W2021767931","https://openalex.org/W2907464113","https://openalex.org/W1970259283","https://openalex.org/W2088877925","https://openalex.org/W2394106628","https://openalex.org/W2350996794","https://openalex.org/W2384857702","https://openalex.org/W2940894539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"microwave":[1,31,62,88,96,109],"(MW)":[2],"synthesizer":[3,32,63,89,97],"is":[4],"a":[5,30,34],"key":[6],"component":[7],"of":[8,41,49,60],"high-performance":[9,108],"coherent":[10],"population":[11],"trapping":[12],"(CPT)":[13],"atomic":[14,23,110],"clocks,":[15],"which":[16],"are":[17],"competitive":[18],"candidates":[19],"as":[20,66],"miniature,":[21],"low-power-consumption":[22],"clocks.":[24,51],"In":[25],"this":[26],"work,":[27],"we":[28],"demonstrated":[29],"and":[33,44,90,98,112],"self-adaption":[35,91,99],"system":[36,100],"to":[37],"satisfy":[38],"the":[39,53,56,61],"requirement":[40],"short":[42],"term":[43,46],"mid-long":[45],"frequency":[47],"stability":[48],"CPT":[50,78],"From":[52],"experimental":[54],"results,":[55],"absolute":[57],"phase":[58],"noise":[59],"was":[64],"measured":[65],"-110":[67],"dBc/Hz":[68],"at":[69],"200":[70],"Hz.":[71],"The":[72,93],"off-resonant":[73],"light":[74],"shift":[75],"limitation":[76],"for":[77],"clock":[79],"can":[80,102],"achieve":[81],"better":[82],"than":[83],"1\u00d710-14":[84],"based":[85],"on":[86],"our":[87],"system.":[92],"proposed":[94],"low-phase-noise":[95],"presented":[101],"also":[103],"be":[104],"used":[105],"in":[106],"other":[107],"sensors":[111],"standards.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
