{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215928732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3133796","title":"UAV-Based Crowd Surveillance in Post COVID-19 Era","display_name":"UAV-Based Crowd Surveillance in Post COVID-19 Era","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215928732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3133796","mag":"3215928732"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3133796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3133796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3133796","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030943700","display_name":"Nizar Masmoudi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-6571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112335","display_name":"\u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure Priv\u00e9e d'Ing\u00e9nierie et de Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/021f99908","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nizar Masmoudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESPRIT School of Engineering, Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESPRIT School of Engineering, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070352139","display_name":"Wael Jaafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4378-9999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wael Jaafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. (e-mail: waeljaafar@sce.carleton.ca)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. (e-mail: waeljaafar@sce.carleton.ca)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023438756","display_name":"Safa Ch\u00e9rif","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112335","display_name":"\u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure Priv\u00e9e d'Ing\u00e9nierie et de Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/021f99908","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Safa Cherif","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESPRIT School of Engineering, Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESPRIT School of Engineering, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021349871","display_name":"Jihene Ben Abderrazak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112335","display_name":"\u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure Priv\u00e9e d'Ing\u00e9nierie et de Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/021f99908","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihene Ben Abderrazak","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESPRIT School of Engineering, Tunis, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESPRIT School of Engineering, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035446029","display_name":"Halim Yan\u0131k\u00f6mero\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halim Yanikomeroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030943700"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15591188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"162276","last_page":"162290"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.7356822490692139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7247941493988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6187376976013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5782983899116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5100789666175842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5034210085868835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4964023232460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.47962579131126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3522496819496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1482854187488556}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.7356822490692139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7247941493988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6187376976013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5782983899116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5100789666175842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5034210085868835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4964023232460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.47962579131126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3522496819496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1482854187488556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3133796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3133796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2111.14176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.14176","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.14176","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3215928732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.14176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db0bb05d218d4e8cbae6538867ec310b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db0bb05d218d4e8cbae6538867ec310b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 162276-162290 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace2.etsmtl.ca:25207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://espace2.etsmtl.ca/id/eprint/25207/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402392","display_name":"Espace \u00c9TS (ETS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","host_organization_name":"Educational Testing Service","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article publi\u00e9 dans une revue, r\u00e9vis\u00e9 par les pairs"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.14176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2111.14176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/cxwty-17b16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/cxwty-17b16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/gfss6-a0m07","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/gfss6-a0m07","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3133796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3133796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43405435","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1639032689","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W2000358470","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2106378689","https://openalex.org/W2134092250","https://openalex.org/W2161160262","https://openalex.org/W2297395784","https://openalex.org/W2588163097","https://openalex.org/W2798799804","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2964159641","https://openalex.org/W2969673627","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3022846008","https://openalex.org/W3041174663","https://openalex.org/W3127049417","https://openalex.org/W3131169764","https://openalex.org/W3131343995","https://openalex.org/W3159690590","https://openalex.org/W3163770228","https://openalex.org/W3176346992","https://openalex.org/W3177587866","https://openalex.org/W3180134609","https://openalex.org/W3194789261","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6697634807","https://openalex.org/W6750759024","https://openalex.org/W6762082143","https://openalex.org/W6767755542","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6777086352","https://openalex.org/W6790299253"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"cope":[1],"with":[2],"the":[3,42,68,84,115,152,175,185,189,200],"current":[4],"pandemic":[5],"situation":[6],"and":[7,17,33,51,79,130,207,224],"reinstate":[8],"pseudo-normal":[9],"daily":[10],"life,":[11],"several":[12],"measures":[13,76],"have":[14],"been":[15],"deployed":[16,65],"maintained,":[18],"such":[19,168],"as":[20,169],"mask":[21,170],"wearing,":[22],"social":[23],"distancing,":[24],"hands":[25],"sanitizing,":[26],"etc.":[27],"Since":[28],"outdoor":[29,105],"cultural":[30],"events,":[31],"concerts,":[32],"picnics,":[34],"are":[35,77,86,123],"gradually":[36],"allowed,":[37],"a":[38,95,110,121,138],"close":[39],"monitoring":[40,101],"of":[41,70,102,137,181],"crowd":[43],"activity":[44],"is":[45,196,214],"needed":[46],"to":[47,66,80,128,143,162,199,221],"avoid":[48],"undesired":[49],"contact":[50],"disease":[52],"transmission.":[53],"In":[54,114],"this":[55,93],"context,":[56],"intelligent":[57,100],"unmanned":[58],"aerial":[59],"vehicles":[60],"(UAVs)":[61],"can":[62],"be":[63],"occasionally":[64],"ensure":[67],"surveillance":[69],"these":[71],"activities,":[72],"that":[73],"health":[74],"restriction":[75],"applied,":[78],"trigger":[81],"alerts":[82],"when":[83],"latter":[85],"not":[87],"respected.":[88],"Consequently,":[89],"we":[90,108],"propose":[91,109],"in":[92,203],"paper":[94],"complete":[96],"UAV":[97,122,160,209],"framework":[98],"for":[99,165,216],"post":[103],"COVID-19":[104],"activities.":[106],"Specifically,":[107],"three":[111],"steps":[112],"approach.":[113],"first":[116],"step,":[117],"captured":[118],"images":[119],"by":[120],"analyzed":[124],"using":[125],"machine":[126],"learning":[127],"detect":[129],"locate":[131],"individuals.":[132],"The":[133],"second":[134],"step":[135,154],"consists":[136],"novel":[139],"coordinates":[140,194],"mapping":[141,195],"approach":[142],"evaluate":[144],"distances":[145],"among":[146],"individuals,":[147],"then":[148],"cluster":[149],"them,":[150],"while":[151],"third":[153],"provides":[155],"an":[156],"energy-efficient":[157],"and/or":[158],"reliable":[159],"trajectory":[161,210],"inspect":[163],"clusters":[164],"restrictions":[166],"violation":[167],"wearing.":[171],"Obtained":[172],"results":[173],"provide":[174],"following":[176],"insights:":[177],"1)":[178],"Efficient":[179],"detection":[180],"individuals":[182],"depends":[183],"on":[184],"angle":[186],"from":[187],"which":[188],"image":[190],"was":[191],"captured,":[192],"2)":[193],"very":[197],"sensitive":[198],"estimation":[201],"error":[202],"individuals'":[204],"bounding":[205],"boxes,":[206],"3)":[208],"design":[211],"algorithm":[212],"2-Opt":[213],"recommended":[215],"practical":[217],"real-time":[218],"deployments":[219],"due":[220],"its":[222],"low-complexity":[223],"near-optimal":[225],"performance.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}