{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206139100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3132990","title":"Authenticating Spatial Queries on Blockchain Systems","display_name":"Authenticating Spatial Queries on Blockchain Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206139100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3132990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3132990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3132990","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09638515.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09638515.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042451868","display_name":"Matteo Loporchio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9806-6475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Loporchio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy. (e-mail: matteo.loporchio@phd.unipi.it)","Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy. (e-mail: matteo.loporchio@phd.unipi.it)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032558381","display_name":"Anna Bernasconi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0263-5221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Bernasconi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004602130","display_name":"Damiano Di Francesco Maesa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-0596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damiano Di Francesco Maesa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015647058","display_name":"Laura Ricci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-8215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Ricci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042451868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6525,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87747549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"163363","last_page":"163378"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8674212098121643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.8179162740707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6101806163787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/header","display_name":"Header","score":0.5458666086196899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5253243446350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5077860951423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.505014955997467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4972577393054962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4950024485588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.45771685242652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range-query","display_name":"Range query (database)","score":0.44740843772888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4341215491294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4165574312210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4118639826774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.25630447268486023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.2423071563243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.13849303126335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.1167844831943512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8674212098121643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.8179162740707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6101806163787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48105269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141160","display_name":"Header","level":2,"score":0.5458666086196899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5253243446350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5077860951423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.505014955997467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4972577393054962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4950024485588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.45771685242652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136736807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818943","display_name":"Range query (database)","level":5,"score":0.44740843772888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4341215491294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4165574312210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4118639826774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25630447268486023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.2423071563243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.13849303126335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.1167844831943512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192939062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104840822","display_name":"Sargable","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3132990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3132990","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09638515.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1120624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1120624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4370943383964c97b7f9cdc5d274c0b3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4370943383964c97b7f9cdc5d274c0b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 163363-163378 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3132990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3132990","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09638515.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206139100.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206139100.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490341282","https://openalex.org/W1528195422","https://openalex.org/W1660562555","https://openalex.org/W1907293129","https://openalex.org/W1991383761","https://openalex.org/W2005725110","https://openalex.org/W2028004854","https://openalex.org/W2084945437","https://openalex.org/W2106642566","https://openalex.org/W2118269922","https://openalex.org/W2123845384","https://openalex.org/W2136445928","https://openalex.org/W2165542331","https://openalex.org/W2734207648","https://openalex.org/W2782573369","https://openalex.org/W2885734057","https://openalex.org/W2903368601","https://openalex.org/W2952570284","https://openalex.org/W2958789237","https://openalex.org/W2971323458","https://openalex.org/W3000226457","https://openalex.org/W3087867856","https://openalex.org/W3099830199","https://openalex.org/W3135240952","https://openalex.org/W4230024212","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6679989307","https://openalex.org/W6684444595","https://openalex.org/W6764204491","https://openalex.org/W6767460156"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171597999","https://openalex.org/W2189136227","https://openalex.org/W4385270547","https://openalex.org/W2611678910","https://openalex.org/W4301136652","https://openalex.org/W4361852646","https://openalex.org/W3110546816","https://openalex.org/W2900529883","https://openalex.org/W4388714490","https://openalex.org/W2616721641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"many":[1],"blockchain":[2,232],"networks,":[3],"light":[4,81],"nodes":[5,19,82,117],"(e.g.":[6],"mobile":[7],"clients)":[8],"with":[9,195,205],"few":[10],"computational":[11],"resources":[12],"must":[13],"rely":[14],"on":[15,140,172],"more":[16,191],"powerful":[17],"full":[18,33,116],"to":[20,45,86,98,121,158,207,225],"retrieve":[21],"transactions":[22,153],"from":[23,89,148],"the":[24,47,50,66,111,160,214,218,226],"chain.":[25],"However,":[26],"in":[27,73],"this":[28,53],"untrusted":[29],"environment":[30],"a":[31,74,90,100,126,136,149,173],"malicious":[32],"node":[34],"could":[35],"deliver":[36],"altered":[37],"or":[38],"incomplete":[39],"information,":[40],"requiring":[41],"query":[42,199],"authentication":[43,58],"techniques":[44],"ensure":[46],"integrity":[48,129],"of":[49,71,128,151,162,230],"results.":[51],"To":[52,93],"aim,":[54],"we":[55,96,211],"study":[56],"an":[57],"mechanism":[59],"for":[60,103,130,144],"spatial":[61,152],"information":[62,123],"(i.e.":[63],"data":[64,88,175],"representing":[65],"location,":[67],"size,":[68],"and":[69,106,124,142,154,177,201,237],"shape":[70],"objects":[72],"geographical":[75],"coordinate":[76],"system).":[77],"We":[78,133,164],"assume":[79],"that":[80,115,213],"issue":[83],"range":[84],"queries":[85,189],"obtain":[87],"single":[91],"block.":[92],"enable":[94],"authentication,":[95],"propose":[97],"construct":[99,125],"Merkle":[101,146],"R-tree":[102],"each":[104],"block":[105],"embed":[107],"its":[108,166],"root":[109],"into":[110],"corresponding":[112],"header,":[113],"so":[114],"can":[118],"exploit":[119],"it":[120,170,179],"fetch":[122],"proof":[127],"lightweight":[131],"clients.":[132],"also":[134],"develop":[135],"new":[137],"algorithm":[138],"based":[139],"sorting":[141],"partitioning":[143],"constructing":[145],"R-trees":[147],"set":[150,176],"employ":[155],"space-filling":[156],"curves":[157],"preserve":[159],"locality":[161],"elements.":[163],"examine":[165],"theoretical":[167],"complexity,":[168],"evaluate":[169],"experimentally":[171],"real":[174],"compare":[178],"against":[180],"other":[181,208],"popular":[182,231],"construction":[183,220],"strategies.":[184],"Results":[185],"show":[186],"that,":[187],"as":[188,235],"become":[190],"selective,":[192],"trees":[193],"generated":[194],"our":[196],"solution":[197],"improve":[198],"performance":[200],"reduce":[202],"verification":[203],"times":[204],"respect":[206],"approaches.":[209],"Moreover,":[210],"observe":[212],"overhead":[215],"induced":[216],"by":[217],"tree":[219],"is":[221],"negligible":[222],"if":[223],"compared":[224],"average":[227],"inter-block":[228],"time":[229],"protocols":[233],"such":[234],"Bitcoin":[236],"Ethereum.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-01-25T00:00:00"}