{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206691085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131995","title":"A Smart and Flexible Microgrid With a Low-Cost Scalable Open-Source Controller","display_name":"A Smart and Flexible Microgrid With a Low-Cost Scalable Open-Source Controller","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206691085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131995"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3131995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131995","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09632594.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09632594.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9849-6010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. (e-mail: lzhu12@utk.edu)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9849-6010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. (e-mail: lzhu12@utk.edu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chengwen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4665-6385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802706902","display_name":"Knoxville College","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxrp522","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengwen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4665-6385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704","https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"He Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-3543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802706902","display_name":"Knoxville College","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxrp522","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-3543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704","https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dingrui Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802706902","display_name":"Knoxville College","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxrp522","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingrui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704","https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yu Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-8702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802706902","display_name":"Knoxville College","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxrp522","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-8702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704","https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ishita Ray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-0992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802706902","display_name":"Knoxville College","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxrp522","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishita Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-0992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704","https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiaojiao Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-0660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802706902","display_name":"Knoxville College","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxrp522","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaojiao Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-0660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704","https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fred Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704","https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Leon M. Tolbert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7285-609X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon M. Tolbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7285-609X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704","https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yilu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6707-9062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6707-9062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704","https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yiwei Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bruce Rogers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jim Glass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0148-0224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177097968","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Chattanooga","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqb1v70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177097968"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Glass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Board, Chattanooga, TN 37402, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0148-0224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Board, Chattanooga, TN 37402, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177097968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lilian Bruce","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177097968","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Chattanooga","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqb1v70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177097968"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lilian Bruce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Board, Chattanooga, TN 37402, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Board, Chattanooga, TN 37402, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177097968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Samuel Delay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307740848","display_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/01y6jsg53","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307740848"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Delay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, TN 37402, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, TN 37402, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307740848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Peter Gregory","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133100","display_name":"Green Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jjj8766","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133100"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Gregory","raw_affiliation_strings":["Green Energy Corp., Eugene, OR 97402, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Green Energy Corp., Eugene, OR 97402, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133100"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mario Garcia-Sanz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095908","display_name":"Advanced Energy (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs9dy63","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095908"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Garcia-Sanz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mirjana Marden","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095908","display_name":"Advanced Energy (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs9dy63","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095908"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirjana Marden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":18,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.7754,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90618237,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"162214","last_page":"162230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9369000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9369000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.040800001472234726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.7074999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.6776000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5576000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islanding","display_name":"Islanding","score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-control","display_name":"Digital control","score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-power","display_name":"AC power","score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.7074999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.6776000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6215999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5576000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778675665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1308552","display_name":"Islanding","level":4,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158411068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720568","display_name":"Digital control","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176605952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827674","display_name":"Phasor","level":4,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777767291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080291","display_name":"Sizing","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142371","display_name":"Hardware-in-the-loop simulation","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3131995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131995","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09632594.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:02e945aefc3c4e508d1d091f17e4836e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/02e945aefc3c4e508d1d091f17e4836e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 162214-162230 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1835639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1835639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1835640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1835640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3131995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131995","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09632594.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3025256052","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF Award Number EEC-1041877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3846866606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000665","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6628910509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEC-1041877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8373882331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEC-1041877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G891429217","display_name":"NSF Engineering Research Center for Ultra-wide-area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Network","funder_award_id":"1041877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/03q1rgc19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206691085.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206691085.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991971024","https://openalex.org/W1996219115","https://openalex.org/W2066448964","https://openalex.org/W2290410061","https://openalex.org/W2316921092","https://openalex.org/W2563490605","https://openalex.org/W2612958028","https://openalex.org/W2807963685","https://openalex.org/W2886630579","https://openalex.org/W2899553555","https://openalex.org/W2904843881","https://openalex.org/W2946978737","https://openalex.org/W2952632028","https://openalex.org/W2969505333","https://openalex.org/W2990658747","https://openalex.org/W3023972451","https://openalex.org/W3037884620","https://openalex.org/W3105418414","https://openalex.org/W3198865881","https://openalex.org/W4389529197","https://openalex.org/W6727377076","https://openalex.org/W6841113298"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"contrast":[1],"with":[2,6,14],"conventional":[3],"microgrids":[4],"(MGs)":[5],"fixed":[7],"boundaries,":[8],"a":[9,23,38,68,95,116,143,145,157,168,187,197],"smart":[10],"and":[11,63,90,102,124,133,154,167,190,200],"flexible":[12,49,69,188],"MG":[13,24,75,82,105,189],"dynamic":[15],"boundary":[16,29],"is":[17,98,140],"introduced":[18],"in":[19,74,113],"this":[20],"paper.":[21],"Such":[22,186],"can":[25],"dynamically":[26],"change":[27],"its":[28,43,191],"by":[30,150],"picking":[31],"up":[32],"or":[33],"shedding":[34],"load":[35],"sections":[36],"of":[37,53,57,109,182,202],"distribution":[39],"feeder":[40],"depending":[41],"on":[42,142,156,162],"available":[44],"power,":[45],"leading":[46],"to":[47,100],"more":[48],"operation,":[50],"better":[51],"utilization":[52],"renewables,":[54],"smaller":[55],"size":[56],"energy":[58],"storage":[59],"system,":[60],"higher":[61],"reliability,":[62],"lower":[64],"cost.":[65],"To":[66],"achieve":[67],"MG,":[70],"the":[71,104,110,130,180,183,203],"main":[72],"challenges":[73],"design":[76,101],"are":[77,127,136],"addressed,":[78],"including":[79],"recloser":[80],"placement,":[81],"asset":[83],"sizing":[84],"considering":[85],"resilience,":[86],"system":[87,92],"grounding":[88],"design,":[89],"protection":[91],"design.":[93],"Meanwhile,":[94],"hierarchical":[96],"structure":[97],"employed":[99],"implement":[103],"controller.":[106],"On":[107],"top":[108],"functions":[111,135,205],"defined":[112],"IEEE":[114],"2030.7-2018,":[115],"few":[117],"new":[118],"functions,":[119],"e.g.,":[120],"online":[121],"topology":[122],"identification":[123],"PQ":[125],"balance,":[126],"added,":[128],"while":[129],"planned/unplanned":[131],"islanding":[132],"reconnection":[134],"enhanced.":[137],"The":[138,175],"controller":[139,158,192],"implemented":[141],"CompactRIO,":[144],"general-purpose":[146],"hardware":[147,173],"platform":[148],"provided":[149],"National":[151],"Instruments":[152],"(NI),":[153],"tested":[155,208],"hardware-in-the-loop":[159],"setup":[160],"based":[161],"an":[163],"OPAL-RT":[164],"real-time":[165],"simulator":[166],"reconfigurable":[169],"power":[170],"electronic":[171],"converter-based":[172],"testbed.":[174],"test":[176],"results":[177],"have":[178,193,206],"validated":[179],"performance":[181],"developed":[184],"controllers.":[185],"been":[194,207],"deployed":[195],"at":[196],"municipal":[198],"utility,":[199],"part":[201],"controller\u2019s":[204],"on-site.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2022-01-26T00:00:00"}