{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215964258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131616","title":"Effect of Radio Channel and Antennas on Physical-Layer-Security Key Exchange","display_name":"Effect of Radio Channel and Antennas on Physical-Layer-Security Key Exchange","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215964258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131616","mag":"3215964258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3131616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131616","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09628090.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09628090.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016965662","display_name":"Alessandro Santorsola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-8199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Santorsola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-8199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102771481","display_name":"Marco Zoli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113131","display_name":"Barkhausen Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/0260qqv98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113131"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Zoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barkhausen Institut, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barkhausen Institut, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113131"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036326385","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Noll Barreto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-4137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113131","display_name":"Barkhausen Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/0260qqv98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113131"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre Noll Barreto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barkhausen Institut, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-4137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barkhausen Institut, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113131"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075326400","display_name":"V. Petruzzelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6921-9981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Petruzzelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6921-9981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075796404","display_name":"Giovanna Cal\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-8025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanna Calo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy. (e-mail: giovanna.calo@poliba.it)","Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-8025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy. (e-mail: giovanna.calo@poliba.it)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016965662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6101,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68125779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"162175","last_page":"162189"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.6931354999542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6771140098571777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6630600690841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6294445395469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5019533634185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4993863105773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4620598554611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.45445939898490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32400164008140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29416587948799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19961604475975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1629994511604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.12672236561775208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.6931354999542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6771140098571777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6630600690841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6294445395469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5019533634185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4993863105773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4620598554611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.45445939898490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32400164008140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29416587948799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19961604475975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1629994511604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.12672236561775208}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3131616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131616","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09628090.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dace597a6d214e648944836c67749824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dace597a6d214e648944836c67749824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 162175-162189 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3131616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131616","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09628090.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215964258.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215964258.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999252600","https://openalex.org/W2053360273","https://openalex.org/W2054496355","https://openalex.org/W2091729149","https://openalex.org/W2094655360","https://openalex.org/W2127098089","https://openalex.org/W2127697497","https://openalex.org/W2148041126","https://openalex.org/W2162456729","https://openalex.org/W2332232836","https://openalex.org/W2406756487","https://openalex.org/W2436581410","https://openalex.org/W2471995281","https://openalex.org/W2518646054","https://openalex.org/W2789028464","https://openalex.org/W2893842564","https://openalex.org/W2895931498","https://openalex.org/W2896570695","https://openalex.org/W2897627692","https://openalex.org/W2898104747","https://openalex.org/W2999016727","https://openalex.org/W3007256892","https://openalex.org/W3033812676","https://openalex.org/W3034835560","https://openalex.org/W3041532898","https://openalex.org/W3045385301","https://openalex.org/W3097616122","https://openalex.org/W3169994946","https://openalex.org/W3183697517","https://openalex.org/W4237826793","https://openalex.org/W4240808026","https://openalex.org/W4243494487","https://openalex.org/W6825343983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320075926","https://openalex.org/W1919042217","https://openalex.org/W3205185567","https://openalex.org/W3080982036","https://openalex.org/W2995273700","https://openalex.org/W3209591750","https://openalex.org/W2981994442","https://openalex.org/W2971043979","https://openalex.org/W2128805726","https://openalex.org/W2938290235"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,91,159],"wireless":[1,10,22,67,78,150],"channel":[2,23,79,106],"is":[3,93,207,216],"inherently":[4],"an":[5],"open":[6],"medium":[7],"which":[8,140],"exposes":[9],"communication":[11,68,125,200],"users":[12],"to":[13,26,94,153,183,222],"the":[14,21,27,39,44,62,66,75,98,119,123,128,143,164,168,177,191,198,210,213],"risk":[15],"of":[16,20,38,65,77,81,167,193,212],"interception.":[17],"vulnerabilities":[19],"have":[24],"led":[25],"search":[28],"for":[29,49],"innovative":[30],"and":[31,58,80,127,149],"efficient":[32],"security":[33,52,87],"solutions":[34],"at":[35],"different":[36,124,144],"levels":[37],"network":[40],"protocol.":[41],"In":[42,70],"particular,":[43],"physical":[45,85,101],"layer":[46,86],"level":[47,113],"allows":[48],"implementing":[50],"some":[51],"functions,":[53],"such":[54,103,117],"as":[55,104,118,171],"key":[56,89,120,129,154],"generation":[57,148,155],"exchange,":[59],"by":[60],"exploiting":[61],"intrinsic":[63],"randomness":[64],"channel.":[69],"this":[71,132],"paper,":[72],"we":[73,134,188],"analyze":[74],"effect":[76,206],"antenna":[82,109,215],"characteristics":[83,107],"on":[84],"(PLS)":[88],"generation.":[90],"aim":[92],"put":[95],"in":[96,172,197],"evidence":[97],"relation":[99],"between":[100,122],"quantities,":[102],"radio":[105,169],"or":[108],"directivity,":[110],"with":[111,181],"higher":[112],"secrecy":[114,179],"performance":[115],"indicators,":[116],"mismatch":[121],"nodes":[126],"randomness.":[130],"For":[131],"purpose,":[133],"developed":[135],"a":[136],"comprehensive":[137],"numerical":[138],"model,":[139],"implements":[141],"all":[142],"steps,":[145],"from":[146],"signal":[147],"propagation":[151,185],"modeling":[152],"through":[156],"spectral":[157],"quantization.":[158],"reported":[160],"results":[161],"show":[162,189],"that":[163,190],"multipath":[165],"richness":[166],"channel,":[170],"outdoor":[173],"urban":[174],"scenarios,":[175],"improves":[176,202],"PLS":[178],"performances":[180],"respect":[182],"simpler":[184],"scenarios.":[186],"Moreover,":[187],"use":[192],"more":[194],"directive":[195],"antennas":[196],"legitimate":[199],"link":[201],"secrecy.":[203],"An":[204],"opposite":[205],"achieved":[208],"when":[209],"directivity":[211],"eavesdropper":[214],"increased,":[217],"thus":[218],"improving":[219],"its":[220],"ability":[221],"perform":[223],"passive":[224],"attacks.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
