{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216826992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131014","title":"A Two-Fold Machine Learning Approach to Prevent and Detect IoT Botnet Attacks","display_name":"A Two-Fold Machine Learning Approach to Prevent and Detect IoT Botnet Attacks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216826992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131014","mag":"3216826992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3131014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131014","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09627657.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09627657.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026922943","display_name":"Faisal Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9812-7488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faisal Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9812-7488","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028338624","display_name":"Syed Ghazanfar Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1835-5531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Ghazanfar Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016698481","display_name":"Ivan Miguel Pires","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3394-6762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Miguel Pires","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal and Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal. (e-mail: impires@it.ubi.pt)","Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3394-6762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal and Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal. (e-mail: impires@it.ubi.pt)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075932809","display_name":"Sabeeha Tanveer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-0781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabeeha Tanveer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-0781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076154487","display_name":"Ubaid U. Fayyaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7833-6127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ubaid U. Fayyaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021852786","display_name":"Nuno M. Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3195-3168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuno M. Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3195-3168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072072313","display_name":"Ghalib A. Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1841-5979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghalib A. Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089972977","display_name":"Farrukh Shahzad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1095-7207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farrukh Shahzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.9243,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":135,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98606092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"163412","last_page":"163430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.9428454041481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7307318449020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fold","display_name":"Fold (higher-order function)","score":0.5868988633155823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5737768411636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4483257830142975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4463115930557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34781894087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3434271216392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.14513689279556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.14405757188796997}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.9428454041481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7307318449020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q951651","display_name":"Fold (higher-order function)","level":2,"score":0.5868988633155823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5737768411636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4483257830142975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4463115930557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34781894087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3434271216392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.14513689279556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.14405757188796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3131014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131014","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09627657.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4811c23dfc1444449b38e35519380e22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4811c23dfc1444449b38e35519380e22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 163412-163430 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3131014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131014","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09627657.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1516346500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01-0145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1832958569","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Opera??o Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000019?C4?Cent","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328601","funder_display_name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Centro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2082818883","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CENTRO2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328601","funder_display_name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Centro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2144570049","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/50008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2673245850","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PT2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3375535518","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","funder_award_id":"UIDB/50008/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3850789590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"50008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320366","display_name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bstzn19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328601","display_name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Centro","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216826992.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216826992.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077488147","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2360903897","https://openalex.org/W2534494200","https://openalex.org/W2560071635","https://openalex.org/W2612437872","https://openalex.org/W2733765803","https://openalex.org/W2781167622","https://openalex.org/W2788455797","https://openalex.org/W2789264396","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2799758613","https://openalex.org/W2807656656","https://openalex.org/W2883062872","https://openalex.org/W2887037008","https://openalex.org/W2889108654","https://openalex.org/W2922171561","https://openalex.org/W2959627510","https://openalex.org/W2963197901","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2963871514","https://openalex.org/W2965568386","https://openalex.org/W2973442392","https://openalex.org/W2981268228","https://openalex.org/W2981791596","https://openalex.org/W2981856772","https://openalex.org/W2982682021","https://openalex.org/W2986887468","https://openalex.org/W2998420555","https://openalex.org/W3001902713","https://openalex.org/W3009543108","https://openalex.org/W3011545799","https://openalex.org/W3011776577","https://openalex.org/W3015447130","https://openalex.org/W3021588303","https://openalex.org/W3023846321","https://openalex.org/W3026820624","https://openalex.org/W3047314667","https://openalex.org/W3048151793","https://openalex.org/W3048529935","https://openalex.org/W3103037241","https://openalex.org/W3109979169","https://openalex.org/W3115520625","https://openalex.org/W3121493031","https://openalex.org/W3121972055","https://openalex.org/W3122864121","https://openalex.org/W3131541364","https://openalex.org/W3156885949","https://openalex.org/W3157770576","https://openalex.org/W3159885303","https://openalex.org/W6751855928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W2378449000","https://openalex.org/W3187581118","https://openalex.org/W2938399969","https://openalex.org/W2616994865","https://openalex.org/W3143747655","https://openalex.org/W2002178493","https://openalex.org/W2901835651","https://openalex.org/W2883616266","https://openalex.org/W186576250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,33,268],"botnet":[1,40,65,163,191,210,232,282],"attack":[2,96,110,133,141,186,205],"is":[3,68],"a":[4,71,80,105,153,171],"multi-stage":[5],"and":[6,23,48,108,118,131,160,224,229,256,259,280],"the":[7,12,26,43,51,55,60,93,129,146,166,180,184,195,213,236,239,264,273],"most":[8,58],"prevalent":[9],"cyber-attack":[10],"in":[11,99,183,194],"Internet":[13],"of":[14,29,57,59,95,116,121,238],"Things":[15],"(IoT)":[16],"environment":[17],"that":[18,272],"initiates":[19],"with":[20,263],"scanning":[21,107,181],"activity":[22,182],"ends":[24],"at":[25],"distributed":[27],"denial":[28],"service":[30],"(DDoS)":[31],"attack.":[32,53],"existing":[34,61],"studies":[35],"mostly":[36],"focus":[37],"on":[38,74,88],"detecting":[39,254],"attacks":[41,258,283],"after":[42],"IoT":[44,162,190,209,231],"devices":[45],"get":[46],"compromised,":[47],"start":[49],"performing":[50],"DDoS":[52,109,122,132,204,257],"Similarly,":[54],"performance":[56,262],"machine":[62,147,155],"learning":[63,148,156,174],"based":[64],"detection":[66],"models":[67,248],"limited":[69],"to":[70,92,143,158,178,188,207,227,286],"specific":[72],"dataset":[73,111],"which":[75],"they":[76],"are":[77],"trained.":[78],"As":[79],"consequence,":[81],"these":[82],"solutions":[83],"do":[84],"not":[85],"perform":[86],"well":[87],"other":[89,246,287],"datasets":[90,138,252],"due":[91],"diversity":[94],"patterns.":[97],"Therefore,":[98],"this":[100],"work,":[101],"we":[102,126,151,169,198,243],"first":[103,167],"produce":[104],"generic":[106],"by":[112],"generating":[113],"33":[114],"types":[115,120],"scan":[117,130,255],"60":[119],"attacks.":[123,164,192,211,233],"In":[124,165],"addition,":[125],"partially":[127],"integrated":[128],"samples":[134],"from":[135],"three":[136,245,250],"publicly-available":[137],"for":[139,203,253],"maximum":[140],"coverage":[142],"better":[144],"train":[145],"algorithms.":[149],"Afterwards,":[150],"propose":[152],"two-fold":[154,215,241,266,275],"approach":[157,216,276],"prevent":[159,189,228,279],"detect":[161,179,208,230,281],"fold,":[168,197],"trained":[170,199,244,288],"state-of-the-art":[172],"deep":[173],"model,":[175],"i.e.,":[176],"ResNet-18":[177,201,247],"premature":[185],"stage":[187],"While,":[193],"second":[196],"another":[200],"model":[202],"identification":[206],"Overall,":[212],"proposed":[214,240,265,274],"manifests":[217],"98.89%":[218],"accuracy,":[219],"99.01%":[220],"precision,":[221],"98.74%":[222],"recall,":[223],"98.87%":[225],"f1-score":[226],"To":[234],"demonstrate":[235],"effectiveness":[237],"approach,":[242],"over":[249],"different":[251],"compared":[260,285],"their":[261],"approach.":[267],"experimental":[269],"results":[270],"prove":[271],"can":[277],"efficiently":[278],"as":[284],"models.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
