{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217605468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3130472","title":"On the Frontiers of Rice Grain Analysis, Classification and Quality Grading: A Review","display_name":"On the Frontiers of Rice Grain Analysis, Classification and Quality Grading: A Review","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217605468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3130472","mag":"3217605468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3130472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3130472","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09625985.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09625985.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025333937","display_name":"Sheikh Bilal Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sheikh Bilal Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, SST, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, SST, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054415369","display_name":"Syed Farooq Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3943-903X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2987782246","display_name":"Farooq Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04e3aws14","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2987782246"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089805","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":null,"country_code":"PK","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089805"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Farooq Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, SST, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. (e-mail: farooq1us@gmail.com)","Department of Software Engineering, SST, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3943-903X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, SST, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. (e-mail: farooq1us@gmail.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089805","https://openalex.org/I2987782246"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, SST, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089056301","display_name":"Aadil Zia Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aadil Zia Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, SST, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, SST, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025333937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.541,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92269464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"160779","last_page":"160796"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13142","display_name":"GABA and Rice Research","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsistence-agriculture","display_name":"Subsistence agriculture","score":0.655419111251831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.5805842876434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradation","display_name":"Gradation","score":0.5492371320724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5377810597419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4898328483104706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4682613015174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4073978662490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.39423784613609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.32207024097442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.25676482915878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16924652457237244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156005406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2787508","display_name":"Subsistence agriculture","level":3,"score":0.655419111251831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5805842876434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29314403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15637103","display_name":"Gradation","level":2,"score":0.5492371320724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5377810597419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4898328483104706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4682613015174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4073978662490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.39423784613609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.32207024097442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.25676482915878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16924652457237244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3130472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3130472","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09625985.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0ac619dac2e341b48919188a900d635d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0ac619dac2e341b48919188a900d635d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 160779-160796 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3130472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3130472","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09625985.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217605468.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217605468.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":119,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185531459","https://openalex.org/W345887372","https://openalex.org/W1484720787","https://openalex.org/W1490931197","https://openalex.org/W1523989055","https://openalex.org/W1524853518","https://openalex.org/W1553898020","https://openalex.org/W1587362683","https://openalex.org/W1597793043","https://openalex.org/W1614250381","https://openalex.org/W1963517174","https://openalex.org/W1977863971","https://openalex.org/W1980289144","https://openalex.org/W1992875080","https://openalex.org/W2011981966","https://openalex.org/W2023057971","https://openalex.org/W2023573742","https://openalex.org/W2028641914","https://openalex.org/W2028781261","https://openalex.org/W2031336311","https://openalex.org/W2034597168","https://openalex.org/W2039561437","https://openalex.org/W2046098696","https://openalex.org/W2053372382","https://openalex.org/W2054432762","https://openalex.org/W2059471852","https://openalex.org/W2059523177","https://openalex.org/W2062413904","https://openalex.org/W2102228847","https://openalex.org/W2130726446","https://openalex.org/W2133783475","https://openalex.org/W2140152871","https://openalex.org/W2142894633","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2145106362","https://openalex.org/W2164213280","https://openalex.org/W2164237185","https://openalex.org/W2164646525","https://openalex.org/W2164932940","https://openalex.org/W2181718034","https://openalex.org/W2207161542","https://openalex.org/W2248180253","https://openalex.org/W2308779556","https://openalex.org/W2317956196","https://openalex.org/W2346362129","https://openalex.org/W2460998784","https://openalex.org/W2469440724","https://openalex.org/W2473552232","https://openalex.org/W2489994866","https://openalex.org/W2510660895","https://openalex.org/W2520102481","https://openalex.org/W2575948292","https://openalex.org/W2588178612","https://openalex.org/W2593301020","https://openalex.org/W2601076767","https://openalex.org/W2610446774","https://openalex.org/W2618800461","https://openalex.org/W2731165298","https://openalex.org/W2733809450","https://openalex.org/W2736026939","https://openalex.org/W2766884581","https://openalex.org/W2781547414","https://openalex.org/W2782259231","https://openalex.org/W2782581904","https://openalex.org/W2785937820","https://openalex.org/W2786538427","https://openalex.org/W2786959324","https://openalex.org/W2792817593","https://openalex.org/W2792879751","https://openalex.org/W2795436115","https://openalex.org/W2796572290","https://openalex.org/W2802600957","https://openalex.org/W2807621734","https://openalex.org/W2889091615","https://openalex.org/W2896019448","https://openalex.org/W2902625477","https://openalex.org/W2905541494","https://openalex.org/W2913112444","https://openalex.org/W2943979128","https://openalex.org/W2947254349","https://openalex.org/W2947621801","https://openalex.org/W2963350106","https://openalex.org/W2964656600","https://openalex.org/W2965227418","https://openalex.org/W2966648511","https://openalex.org/W2970355683","https://openalex.org/W2989726377","https://openalex.org/W2995433080","https://openalex.org/W2996239399","https://openalex.org/W2999400086","https://openalex.org/W3002595606","https://openalex.org/W3005728099","https://openalex.org/W3007600163","https://openalex.org/W3013319053","https://openalex.org/W3016620973","https://openalex.org/W3036162702","https://openalex.org/W3037316750","https://openalex.org/W3043662738","https://openalex.org/W3093950702","https://openalex.org/W3103493171","https://openalex.org/W3114936179","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W6611569837","https://openalex.org/W6628914849","https://openalex.org/W6631493465","https://openalex.org/W6636446947","https://openalex.org/W6685531670","https://openalex.org/W6720116628","https://openalex.org/W6720837721","https://openalex.org/W6738302473","https://openalex.org/W6751644429","https://openalex.org/W6752042582","https://openalex.org/W6766134733","https://openalex.org/W6772430603","https://openalex.org/W6773032546","https://openalex.org/W6774140276","https://openalex.org/W6775528479","https://openalex.org/W6786249809","https://openalex.org/W6788054909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4223943233","https://openalex.org/W4312200629","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4380086463","https://openalex.org/W4225161397","https://openalex.org/W3014300295","https://openalex.org/W3164822677","https://openalex.org/W4250304930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rice":[0],"is":[1,102],"a":[2,33,74],"high":[3],"valued":[4],"subsistence":[5],"crop":[6],"that":[7,25],"feeds":[8],"more":[9,133],"than":[10],"3.5":[11],"billion":[12,41],"of":[13,38,60,76,99,111],"the":[14,23,26,88,107,145],"world":[15],"population.":[16],"Its":[17],"importance":[18],"can":[19,53],"be":[20],"gauged":[21],"from":[22],"fact":[24],"top":[27],"five":[28,115],"rice":[29,47,93,146,163,167],"exporting":[30],"countries":[31],"had":[32],"combined":[34],"net":[35],"export":[36],"worth":[37],"around":[39],"19":[40],"dollars":[42],"in":[43,58,91],"2018.":[44],"A":[45],"robust":[46],"grain":[48,147],"analysis":[49],"and":[50,95,109,123,136,159,166],"classification":[51,94],"system":[52],"significantly":[54],"improve":[55],"performance":[56],"both":[57],"terms":[59],"accuracy":[61],"as":[62,64],"well":[63],"time.":[65],"In":[66,83],"recent":[67],"decades,":[68],"this":[69,84,100,112],"research":[70],"area":[71,113],"has":[72],"garnered":[73],"lot":[75],"attention":[77,138],"due":[78],"to":[79,162],"its":[80],"socio-economic":[81],"impact.":[82],"paper,":[85],"we":[86],"reviewed":[87],"work":[89],"done":[90],"image-based":[92],"gradation.":[96],"The":[97],"contribution":[98],"study":[101],"three-fold.":[103],"First,":[104],"it":[105,143,155],"divides":[106,144],"algorithms":[108,158],"techniques":[110,130,160],"into":[114,150],"different":[116,152],"approaches":[117],"namely;":[118],"geometric,":[119],"statistical,":[120],"supervised,":[121],"unsupervised,":[122],"deep":[124,128],"learning.":[125],"Among":[126],"these,":[127],"learning":[129],"have":[131],"shown":[132],"promising":[134],"results":[135],"gained":[137],"for":[139],"future":[140],"research.":[141],"Secondly,":[142],"literature":[148],"historically":[149],"three":[151],"eras.":[153],"Thirdly,":[154],"summarizes":[156],"various":[157],"related":[161],"quality":[164],"grading":[165],"disease":[168],"identification.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}