{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215526080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3129314","title":"Verifiable Computing Applications in Blockchain","display_name":"Verifiable Computing Applications in Blockchain","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215526080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3129314","mag":"3215526080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3129314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3129314","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09620108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09620108.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032636694","display_name":"Silvio \u0160imuni\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9293-3729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvio Simunic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9293-3729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023213432","display_name":"Dalen Bernaca","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dalen Bernaca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080471570","display_name":"Kristijan Lenac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-4177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristijan Lenac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia and University of Rijeka, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, Rijeka, Croatia. (e-mail: klenac@riteh.hr)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-4177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia and University of Rijeka, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, Rijeka, Croatia. (e-mail: klenac@riteh.hr)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.3835,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95781992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"156729","last_page":"156745"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.9454618692398071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9079936742782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7930929660797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7095174193382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.603683352470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.5546692609786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4999997615814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4876657724380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-management","display_name":"Key management","score":0.4334535300731659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4213581383228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.41131478548049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.15025797486305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11956673860549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.09291404485702515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.9454618692398071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9079936742782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7930929660797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7095174193382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.603683352470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.5546692609786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4999997615814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4876657724380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.4334535300731659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4213581383228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.41131478548049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.15025797486305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11956673860549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.09291404485702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3129314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3129314","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09620108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba46162952a049548568a9267f0adf1e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba46162952a049548568a9267f0adf1e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 156729-156745 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3129314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3129314","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09620108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2008309395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-KK.01.1.1.01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2171898597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KK.01.1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2699158393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KK.01.1.1.01.0009 (DATACROSS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4100563467","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KK.01.1.1.01.0009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215526080.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215526080.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":132,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4180724","https://openalex.org/W25285532","https://openalex.org/W37113338","https://openalex.org/W51265332","https://openalex.org/W56418595","https://openalex.org/W103647506","https://openalex.org/W185290757","https://openalex.org/W1484557542","https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W1553435762","https://openalex.org/W1563556756","https://openalex.org/W1568936889","https://openalex.org/W1574149717","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W1730634423","https://openalex.org/W1794148987","https://openalex.org/W1837145606","https://openalex.org/W1885156594","https://openalex.org/W1890128745","https://openalex.org/W1965492831","https://openalex.org/W1984478483","https://openalex.org/W1997820219","https://openalex.org/W2021018713","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2059875792","https://openalex.org/W2095708839","https://openalex.org/W2098104887","https://openalex.org/W2100705134","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2144752539","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2167882086","https://openalex.org/W2168970529","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2183126124","https://openalex.org/W2252150191","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2565287832","https://openalex.org/W2594560662","https://openalex.org/W2604789199","https://openalex.org/W2610620376","https://openalex.org/W2728487654","https://openalex.org/W2739487772","https://openalex.org/W2743496573","https://openalex.org/W2750852313","https://openalex.org/W2752591372","https://openalex.org/W2762888877","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2786298272","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2794784663","https://openalex.org/W2794848620","https://openalex.org/W2794970575","https://openalex.org/W2794982701","https://openalex.org/W2795222609","https://openalex.org/W2797481382","https://openalex.org/W2798422890","https://openalex.org/W2801661589","https://openalex.org/W2801811971","https://openalex.org/W2805353264","https://openalex.org/W2811448169","https://openalex.org/W2883748642","https://openalex.org/W2884026699","https://openalex.org/W2888798936","https://openalex.org/W2888947553","https://openalex.org/W2888974282","https://openalex.org/W2889894313","https://openalex.org/W2891853972","https://openalex.org/W2897525439","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2911825405","https://openalex.org/W2913009005","https://openalex.org/W2915352631","https://openalex.org/W2921980263","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2945978829","https://openalex.org/W2952709070","https://openalex.org/W2954103930","https://openalex.org/W2963067739","https://openalex.org/W2970097841","https://openalex.org/W2972152617","https://openalex.org/W2981399413","https://openalex.org/W2981750966","https://openalex.org/W2982212956","https://openalex.org/W2995066383","https://openalex.org/W3014081334","https://openalex.org/W3015399395","https://openalex.org/W3016246341","https://openalex.org/W3021338679","https://openalex.org/W3021581127","https://openalex.org/W3023266124","https://openalex.org/W3042070225","https://openalex.org/W3042319774","https://openalex.org/W3043762149","https://openalex.org/W3094114357","https://openalex.org/W3107772927","https://openalex.org/W3108644808","https://openalex.org/W3127476229","https://openalex.org/W3141585064","https://openalex.org/W3208073876","https://openalex.org/W3208913541","https://openalex.org/W4236786653","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4287775069","https://openalex.org/W4287901223","https://openalex.org/W4298112888","https://openalex.org/W4300349690","https://openalex.org/W4300508572","https://openalex.org/W4300853017","https://openalex.org/W4388443032","https://openalex.org/W6600991292","https://openalex.org/W6601450296","https://openalex.org/W6604206774","https://openalex.org/W6689688209","https://openalex.org/W6720157869","https://openalex.org/W6744022494","https://openalex.org/W6746014591","https://openalex.org/W6750793552","https://openalex.org/W6751596620","https://openalex.org/W6753628087","https://openalex.org/W6754179441","https://openalex.org/W6757209854","https://openalex.org/W6766761815","https://openalex.org/W6772920369","https://openalex.org/W6775929233","https://openalex.org/W6777104523","https://openalex.org/W6778510928","https://openalex.org/W6786799337","https://openalex.org/W6802433033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W2376337040","https://openalex.org/W2025944940","https://openalex.org/W3093625357","https://openalex.org/W2625310891","https://openalex.org/W2255058412"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"From":[0],"weak":[1],"clients":[2],"outsourcing":[3],"computational":[4],"tasks":[5],"to":[6,10,15,34,42,108,147],"more":[7],"powerful":[8],"machines,":[9],"distributed":[11,77],"blockchain":[12,69,109,163,175],"nodes":[13],"needing":[14],"agree":[16],"on":[17],"the":[18,21,24,37,113,155],"state":[19],"of":[20,26,39,62,96,143,159],"ledger":[22],"in":[23,68,162,173],"presence":[25],"adversarial":[27],"nodes,":[28],"there":[29],"is":[30,48,146],"a":[31,49],"growing":[32],"need":[33],"efficiently":[35],"verify":[36],"results":[38],"computations":[40],"delegated":[41],"untrusted":[43],"third":[44],"parties.":[45],"Verifiable":[46],"computing":[47,64,116,161,170],"new":[50,60],"and":[51,76,79,86,102,131,135,138,165],"interesting":[52],"research":[53,150],"area":[54],"that":[55],"addresses":[56],"this":[57,90,144],"problem.":[58],"Recently,":[59],"applications":[61,117],"verifiable":[63,115,160,169],"techniques":[65,171],"have":[66],"emerged":[67],"technology":[70],"for":[71,99,126],"secure":[72,127],"key":[73,128],"management,":[74,129],"sybil-resistance":[75,130],"consensus,":[78,132],"smart":[80,133],"contracts,":[81],"while":[82],"providing":[83],"desired":[84],"performance":[85],"privacy":[87],"guarantees.":[88],"In":[89],"paper,":[91],"we":[92],"provide":[93],"an":[94],"overview":[95],"common":[97],"methods":[98],"verifying":[100],"computation":[101],"present":[103],"how":[104,167],"they":[105],"are":[106,154,168],"applied":[107],"technology.":[110],"We":[111],"group":[112],"presented":[114],"into":[118],"five":[119],"main":[120,141,156],"application":[121,157],"areas,":[122],"i.e.,":[123],"multiparty":[124],"approval":[125],"contracts":[134],"oracles,":[136],"scalability,":[137],"privacy.":[139],"The":[140],"contribution":[142],"survey":[145],"answer":[148],"two":[149],"questions:":[151],"1)":[152],"what":[153],"areas":[158],"technology,":[164],"2)":[166],"used":[172],"major":[174],"projects":[176],"today.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
