{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212967455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3128508","title":"Artificial Intelligence-Driven Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Scheme for Next-Generation Cellular Networks","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence-Driven Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Scheme for Next-Generation Cellular Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212967455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3128508","mag":"3212967455"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3128508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3128508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3128508","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005385487","display_name":"Zeeshan Kaleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-0443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Kaleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Rawalpindi, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-0443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Rawalpindi, Wah Cantt, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106541676","display_name":"Muhammad Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-0607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Rawalpindi, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-0607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Rawalpindi, Wah Cantt, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055456145","display_name":"Ishtiaq Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6856-7466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172324550","display_name":"Gomal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0241b8f19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishtiaq Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6856-7466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172324550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040810553","display_name":"Waqas Khalid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-7219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89004649","display_name":"Korea Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfph657","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waqas Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea","Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-7219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034896032","display_name":"Ahmed Alkhayyat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-3453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131779051","display_name":"Iraqi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wfhkb67","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259362","display_name":"Islamic University of Najaf","ror":"https://ror.org/024dzaa63","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259362"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Alkhayyat","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq","College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-3453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051","https://openalex.org/I4405259362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051","https://openalex.org/I4405259362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086268677","display_name":"Abbas Jamalipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-7220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Jamalipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-7220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.8209,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87833308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"155584","last_page":"155597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-software-radio-peripheral","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","score":0.8866738080978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8065723180770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.6103429794311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5240693092346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4970286190509796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4770702123641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4346834421157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35373926162719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12016218900680542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192220659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1245659","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","level":3,"score":0.8866738080978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8065723180770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.6103429794311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5240693092346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4970286190509796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4770702123641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4346834421157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35373926162719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12016218900680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3128508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3128508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:617d8ea16aaf4b29b305399a4fd1ac5a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/617d8ea16aaf4b29b305399a4fd1ac5a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 155584-155597 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3128508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3128508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484094384","https://openalex.org/W1533404101","https://openalex.org/W1543910110","https://openalex.org/W1563558283","https://openalex.org/W1959724639","https://openalex.org/W1973249861","https://openalex.org/W2005956500","https://openalex.org/W2047684576","https://openalex.org/W2147576921","https://openalex.org/W2534380542","https://openalex.org/W2560036562","https://openalex.org/W2626237631","https://openalex.org/W2769502672","https://openalex.org/W2774427045","https://openalex.org/W2782943884","https://openalex.org/W2785849994","https://openalex.org/W2803002719","https://openalex.org/W2810572479","https://openalex.org/W2886161635","https://openalex.org/W2886506682","https://openalex.org/W2889035719","https://openalex.org/W2892154397","https://openalex.org/W2897348402","https://openalex.org/W2909712920","https://openalex.org/W2921683268","https://openalex.org/W2924039824","https://openalex.org/W2936146474","https://openalex.org/W2946339000","https://openalex.org/W2951551829","https://openalex.org/W2952596784","https://openalex.org/W2963809753","https://openalex.org/W2979307933","https://openalex.org/W2983220838","https://openalex.org/W3010945235","https://openalex.org/W3015219268","https://openalex.org/W3042758601","https://openalex.org/W3044458547","https://openalex.org/W3044840057","https://openalex.org/W3049419126","https://openalex.org/W3080106712","https://openalex.org/W3089248281","https://openalex.org/W3104581735","https://openalex.org/W3118765882","https://openalex.org/W3123268700","https://openalex.org/W3155899199","https://openalex.org/W4287825651","https://openalex.org/W6633495585","https://openalex.org/W6640994593","https://openalex.org/W6758685805","https://openalex.org/W6775736341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251089492","https://openalex.org/W2993899695","https://openalex.org/W2540432762","https://openalex.org/W2886621694","https://openalex.org/W2127011572","https://openalex.org/W1622326982","https://openalex.org/W2354005007","https://openalex.org/W2048387591","https://openalex.org/W208897493","https://openalex.org/W117117353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"modulation":[1,33,64,70,98],"classification":[2,108,118],"(AMC)":[3],"can":[4,30],"play":[5],"an":[6],"important":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,23,40,66,110,133],"the":[10,32,41,87,92,97,115,124,127,148,151],"timely":[11],"identification":[12],"of":[13,80,126,135,150],"suspicious":[14],"and":[15,60,141,156],"unwanted":[16],"signal":[17],"activities":[18],"to":[19,58,95,114],"enable":[20],"secure":[21],"communication":[22],"future":[24],"next-generation":[25],"cellular":[26],"networks.":[27],"Moreover,":[28,120],"AMC":[29,56],"detect":[31,59],"scheme":[34],"without":[35],"even":[36],"adding":[37],"additional":[38],"overhead":[39],"signal.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46,72,90,104,121],"developed":[47],"a":[48],"universal":[49],"software":[50],"radio":[51],"peripheral":[52],"(USRP)":[53],"based":[54],"intelligent":[55],"system":[57],"classify":[61,96],"various":[62,136],"digital":[63],"schemes":[65],"real-time.":[67],"For":[68],"each":[69],"scheme,":[71],"extracted":[73,88],"different":[74,78],"spectral":[75],"features":[76],"for":[77,153],"values":[79],"signal-to-noise":[81],"ratio":[82],"(SNR)":[83],"values.":[84],"Based":[85],"on":[86],"features,":[89],"train":[91],"neural":[93],"network":[94],"schemes.":[99,119],"Experimental":[100],"results":[101],"show":[102],"that":[103],"achieve":[105],"around":[106],"97%":[107],"accuracy":[109],"real-time":[111,154],"as":[112,139],"compared":[113],"existing":[116],"offline":[117],"also":[122],"compare":[123],"performance":[125],"proposed":[128],"model":[129,132],"with":[130],"HisarMod2019.1":[131],"terms":[134],"metrics":[137],"such":[138],"cross-entropy":[140],"mean":[142],"square":[143],"error.":[144],"Results":[145],"clearly":[146],"demonstrates":[147],"efficiency":[149],"proposal":[152],"implementation":[155],"classification.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}