{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211478717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3127890","title":"Practical Insights to Design a Blockchain-Based Energy Trading Platform","display_name":"Practical Insights to Design a Blockchain-Based Energy Trading Platform","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211478717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3127890","mag":"3211478717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3127890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3127890","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09614118.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09614118.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030026702","display_name":"Vahid Hosseinnezhad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-202X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27577105","display_name":"University College Cork","ror":"https://ror.org/03265fv13","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Hosseinnezhad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork (UCC), Cork 21, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-202X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork (UCC), Cork 21, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050253253","display_name":"Barry Hayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-9056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27577105","display_name":"University College Cork","ror":"https://ror.org/03265fv13","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork (UCC), Cork 21, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-9056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork (UCC), Cork 21, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060705812","display_name":"Brian O\u2019Regan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-2353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123804","display_name":"International Energy Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/025jtyf63","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123804"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian O'regan","raw_affiliation_strings":["of and ,","International Energy Research Centre (IERC), Tyndall National Institute, Cork 21, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-2353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"of and ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Energy Research Centre (IERC), Tyndall National Institute, Cork 21, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123804"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035300094","display_name":"Pierluigi Siano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0975-0241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["IT","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierluigi Siano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0975-0241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.1209,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95641503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"154827","last_page":"154844"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8434314727783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7210755944252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5419141054153442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-to-peer","display_name":"Peer-to-peer","score":0.5412907004356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5070302486419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5063825845718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5041855573654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-market","display_name":"Energy market","score":0.48693716526031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.44858384132385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.39604514837265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36343878507614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.35364311933517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.28530484437942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.21733087301254272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10369804501533508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8434314727783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7210755944252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5419141054153442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534932454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161410","display_name":"Peer-to-peer","level":2,"score":0.5412907004356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5070302486419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5063825845718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5041855573654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776849302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239166","display_name":"Energy market","level":3,"score":0.48693716526031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.44858384132385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.39604514837265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36343878507614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.35364311933517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.28530484437942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21733087301254272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10369804501533508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3127890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3127890","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09614118.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b4e3ec550a04451bb724a9774ea62eb8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b4e3ec550a04451bb724a9774ea62eb8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 154827-154844 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3127890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3127890","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09614118.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211478717.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211478717.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W418204025","https://openalex.org/W2003216037","https://openalex.org/W2008668719","https://openalex.org/W2011944582","https://openalex.org/W2028788479","https://openalex.org/W2038194220","https://openalex.org/W2042101093","https://openalex.org/W2051301990","https://openalex.org/W2059875792","https://openalex.org/W2089758604","https://openalex.org/W2098493917","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2116065935","https://openalex.org/W2132594929","https://openalex.org/W2211194997","https://openalex.org/W2241118198","https://openalex.org/W2265944788","https://openalex.org/W2313187266","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2511280408","https://openalex.org/W2511446761","https://openalex.org/W2521054263","https://openalex.org/W2568808500","https://openalex.org/W2581428794","https://openalex.org/W2587696068","https://openalex.org/W2594536436","https://openalex.org/W2596115488","https://openalex.org/W2604122668","https://openalex.org/W2608926820","https://openalex.org/W2621144746","https://openalex.org/W2621189131","https://openalex.org/W2629433172","https://openalex.org/W2731735422","https://openalex.org/W2736273420","https://openalex.org/W2748692995","https://openalex.org/W2754185802","https://openalex.org/W2767654409","https://openalex.org/W2769186632","https://openalex.org/W2773013279","https://openalex.org/W2775359664","https://openalex.org/W2775469577","https://openalex.org/W2776717170","https://openalex.org/W2777447168","https://openalex.org/W2783275103","https://openalex.org/W2784523327","https://openalex.org/W2785621755","https://openalex.org/W2786502947","https://openalex.org/W2791029640","https://openalex.org/W2793859162","https://openalex.org/W2794824705","https://openalex.org/W2795896969","https://openalex.org/W2795933272","https://openalex.org/W2798711290","https://openalex.org/W2801389981","https://openalex.org/W2802339474","https://openalex.org/W2825621341","https://openalex.org/W2862280443","https://openalex.org/W2883003875","https://openalex.org/W2889496494","https://openalex.org/W2890184754","https://openalex.org/W2890455266","https://openalex.org/W2894486670","https://openalex.org/W2896120042","https://openalex.org/W2896967770","https://openalex.org/W2897091017","https://openalex.org/W2897451807","https://openalex.org/W2897842237","https://openalex.org/W2899357412","https://openalex.org/W2902840288","https://openalex.org/W2903794674","https://openalex.org/W2904227047","https://openalex.org/W2904351506","https://openalex.org/W2907797576","https://openalex.org/W2909146079","https://openalex.org/W2910150373","https://openalex.org/W2911284875","https://openalex.org/W2915006191","https://openalex.org/W2915213935","https://openalex.org/W2921445803","https://openalex.org/W2923222014","https://openalex.org/W2928697324","https://openalex.org/W2941030414","https://openalex.org/W2950314602","https://openalex.org/W2950457649","https://openalex.org/W2952260178","https://openalex.org/W2955588695","https://openalex.org/W2963306156","https://openalex.org/W2964379003","https://openalex.org/W2965954699","https://openalex.org/W2968664144","https://openalex.org/W2968835545","https://openalex.org/W2970840405","https://openalex.org/W2971059967","https://openalex.org/W2996483247","https://openalex.org/W3000729534","https://openalex.org/W3001576933","https://openalex.org/W3004315197","https://openalex.org/W3006405019","https://openalex.org/W3007983468","https://openalex.org/W3009727767","https://openalex.org/W3033431930","https://openalex.org/W3038140463","https://openalex.org/W3103430593","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3175022474","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4240922739","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6719987976","https://openalex.org/W6746873430","https://openalex.org/W6748049026","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W1842927144","https://openalex.org/W4286524523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"the":[1,12,23,33,36,42,60,89,93,105,111,122],"development":[2],"of":[3,15,35,81,83,98,107],"decentralized":[4],"energy":[5,17,38,44,71],"management":[6,76],"systems":[7],"has":[8,29],"accelerated":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,52,66,133,137],"daily":[13],"growth":[14],"renewable":[16],"technologies":[18,87,109],"and":[19,63,88,96,110,129],"communications":[20],"infrastructure.":[21],"At":[22],"distribution":[24],"system":[25],"level,":[26],"this":[27],"approach":[28],"manifested":[30],"itself":[31],"with":[32],"emergence":[34],"local":[37,43,54,70],"market.":[39],"In":[40],"fact,":[41],"market":[45,72],"is":[46],"becoming":[47],"a":[48,68,74],"new":[49],"operating":[50],"model":[51],"control":[53],"generation":[55],"units.":[56],"This":[57],"paper":[58],"describes":[59],"general":[61,94],"architecture":[62],"elements":[64,97],"used":[65],"implement":[67],"blockchain-based":[69,108],"within":[73],"transactive":[75],"platform.":[77],"After":[78],"an":[79],"overview":[80],"internet":[82],"things":[84],"(IoT)":[85],"communication":[86],"existing":[90],"central-authority-based":[91],"applications,":[92],"structure":[95],"peer-to-peer":[99],"(P2P)":[100],"networks":[101],"are":[102,118,131],"reviewed.":[103],"Next,":[104],"concepts":[106,128],"required":[112],"specifications":[113],"for":[114],"different":[115],"building":[116],"layers":[117],"outlined":[119],"based":[120],"on":[121],"limited":[123],"relevant":[124],"literature":[125],"available.":[126],"The":[127],"requirements":[130],"investigated":[132],"provide":[134],"practical":[135],"insights":[136],"design":[138],"trading":[139],"platforms.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
