{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214137637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3126107","title":"A Balanced Routing Protocol Based on Machine Learning for Underwater Sensor Networks","display_name":"A Balanced Routing Protocol Based on Machine Learning for Underwater Sensor Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214137637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3126107","mag":"3214137637"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3126107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3126107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3126107","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074319005","display_name":"Latifa Alsalman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. Alsalman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Kuwait University, 5969 SAFAT, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9389-8010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Kuwait University, 5969 SAFAT, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021624722","display_name":"Eiman Alotaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-0613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Alotaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Kuwait University, 5969 SAFAT, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-0613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Kuwait University, 5969 SAFAT, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074319005"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.8587,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95422075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"152082","last_page":"152097"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7540414333343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6935193538665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.6087101101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5203009247779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.48861271142959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution-in-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","score":0.4411192536354065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.42148345708847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.42097240686416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.3719191253185272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.32991456985473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21352675557136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.1857030689716339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7540414333343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6935193538665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.6087101101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5203009247779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.48861271142959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.4411192536354065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.42148345708847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.42097240686416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3719191253185272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.32991456985473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21352675557136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.1857030689716339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3126107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3126107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d5060c9fb014405880ca005e69f3e6e6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d5060c9fb014405880ca005e69f3e6e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 152082-152097 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3126107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3126107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7761021454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EO04/19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322668","funder_display_name":"Kuwait University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322668","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1608027769","https://openalex.org/W2005462979","https://openalex.org/W2012711868","https://openalex.org/W2095487261","https://openalex.org/W2116345242","https://openalex.org/W2118553252","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2132090739","https://openalex.org/W2132432832","https://openalex.org/W2133509944","https://openalex.org/W2139160917","https://openalex.org/W2157323191","https://openalex.org/W2157442459","https://openalex.org/W2169011930","https://openalex.org/W2184190733","https://openalex.org/W2308002575","https://openalex.org/W2619894041","https://openalex.org/W2738795732","https://openalex.org/W2789548662","https://openalex.org/W2790078489","https://openalex.org/W2805339016","https://openalex.org/W2907775212","https://openalex.org/W2908816692","https://openalex.org/W2911445260","https://openalex.org/W2951290845","https://openalex.org/W2958308825","https://openalex.org/W2962309752","https://openalex.org/W3035816547","https://openalex.org/W3133748253","https://openalex.org/W3154650364","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4285706360","https://openalex.org/W6748570699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3214188517","https://openalex.org/W2361937959","https://openalex.org/W1965229852","https://openalex.org/W4285122452","https://openalex.org/W2188918102","https://openalex.org/W2646248253","https://openalex.org/W2119285602","https://openalex.org/W2602139996","https://openalex.org/W2785477058","https://openalex.org/W2398830269"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"underwater":[1,68,157],"sensor":[2,86,158],"network":[3,8,24,100,193],"(UWSN)":[4],"is":[5,10,25,45,52,112,140,161,182,207],"a":[6,148],"wireless":[7,49,69,85],"that":[9,163,233],"deployed":[11],"in":[12,48,110,143,203],"oceans,":[13],"seas,":[14],"and":[15,38,91,116,135,173,195,220,224,239],"rivers":[16],"for":[17,156],"real-time":[18],"exploration":[19],"of":[20,105,133,198],"environmental":[21,167],"conditions.":[22],"The":[23,200,229],"used":[26],"to":[27,65,95,114,125,190,246],"measure":[28],"temperature,":[29],"pressure,":[30],"water":[31,39,96],"pollution,":[32],"oxygen":[33],"level,":[34],"volcanic":[35],"activity,":[36],"floods,":[37],"streams.":[40],"Although":[41],"radio":[42],"frequency":[43],"(RF)":[44],"widely":[46],"utilized":[47],"networks,":[50,87],"it":[51],"incompatible":[53],"with":[54],"the":[55,67,99,106,118,122,126,130,165,177,192,204,210],"UWSN":[56,166],"environment;":[57],"therefore,":[58],"other":[59],"communication":[60,70,201],"mechanisms":[61],"have":[62],"been":[63],"employed":[64],"manage":[66],"among":[71],"sensors,":[72],"such":[73,169,217],"as":[74,170,218],"acoustic":[75],"channels,":[76],"optical":[77],"waves,":[78],"or":[79],"magnetic":[80],"induction":[81],"(MI).":[82],"Unlike":[83],"terrestrial":[84,137],"UWSNs":[88,111],"are":[89],"dynamic,":[90],"sensors":[92,124],"move":[93],"according":[94],"activity.":[97],"Therefore,":[98],"topology":[101],"changes":[102],"rapidly.":[103],"One":[104],"most":[107],"critical":[108],"challenges":[109],"how":[113],"collect":[115],"route":[117],"sensed":[119],"data":[120],"from":[121],"distributed":[123],"sink":[127],"node.":[128],"Unfortunately,":[129],"direct":[131],"application":[132],"efficient":[134],"well-established":[136],"routing":[138,150],"protocols":[139],"not":[141],"possible":[142],"UWSNs.":[144,199],"In":[145],"this":[146],"work,":[147],"balanced":[149],"protocol":[151,206],"based":[152,183,208],"on":[153,184,209],"machine":[154],"learning":[155,186],"networks":[159],"(BRP-ML)":[160],"proposed":[162,205],"considers":[164],"characteristics,":[168],"power":[171],"limitations":[172],"latency,":[174],"while":[175],"considering":[176],"void":[178],"area":[179],"issue.":[180],"It":[181],"reinforcement":[185],"(Q-learning),":[187],"which":[188,213],"aims":[189],"reduce":[191],"latency":[194,236],"energy":[196,241],"consumption":[197],"technique":[202],"MI":[211],"technique,":[212],"has":[214],"many":[215],"advantages,":[216],"steady":[219],"predictable":[221],"channel":[222],"response":[223],"low":[225],"signal":[226],"propagation":[227],"delay.":[228],"simulation":[230],"findings":[231],"validated":[232],"BRP-ML":[234],"reduced":[235],"by":[237,243],"18%":[238],"increased":[240],"efficiency":[242],"16%":[244],"compared":[245],"QELAR.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
