{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208795390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124547","title":"Attack Detection and Defense System Using an Unknown Input Observer for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Systems","display_name":"Attack Detection and Defense System Using an Unknown Input Observer for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208795390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124547","mag":"3208795390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3124547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124547","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09597505.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09597505.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003058041","display_name":"Yudai Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5551-8718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yudai Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5551-8718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050675460","display_name":"Naomi Kuze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8224-3476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naomi Kuze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan. (e-mail: kuze@sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp)","Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8224-3476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan. (e-mail: kuze@sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046686505","display_name":"Toshimitsu Ushio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4009-270X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshimitsu Ushio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4009-270X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050675460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6241,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83649487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"148810","last_page":"148820"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperative-adaptive-cruise-control","display_name":"Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control","score":0.9162924289703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platoon","display_name":"Platoon","score":0.9115787744522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7413001656532288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cruise-control","display_name":"Cruise control","score":0.6565722227096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-to-vehicle","display_name":"Vehicle-to-vehicle","score":0.5717180371284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer","display_name":"Observer (physics)","score":0.5448723435401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.5331579446792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.47745874524116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.448343962430954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4441494047641754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.30781012773513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10994741320610046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5167872","display_name":"Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control","level":4,"score":0.9162924289703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061967","display_name":"Platoon","level":3,"score":0.9115787744522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7413001656532288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113168747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507295","display_name":"Cruise control","level":3,"score":0.6565722227096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780241275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicle-to-vehicle","level":2,"score":0.5717180371284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5448723435401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5331579446792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47745874524116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.448343962430954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4441494047641754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.30781012773513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10994741320610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3124547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124547","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09597505.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b265d3d79c74f20901940736b006578","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b265d3d79c74f20901940736b006578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 148810-148820 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3124547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124547","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09597505.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309411","display_name":"University of California Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322525","display_name":"Secom Science and Technology Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05ggzej07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208795390.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208795390.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605027309","https://openalex.org/W1510598017","https://openalex.org/W1655377165","https://openalex.org/W1957778646","https://openalex.org/W1982474156","https://openalex.org/W1994402784","https://openalex.org/W2048186868","https://openalex.org/W2071078717","https://openalex.org/W2099005886","https://openalex.org/W2111255637","https://openalex.org/W2132479764","https://openalex.org/W2133383511","https://openalex.org/W2134515888","https://openalex.org/W2134771009","https://openalex.org/W2137505842","https://openalex.org/W2169683785","https://openalex.org/W2295856041","https://openalex.org/W2371435256","https://openalex.org/W2607795406","https://openalex.org/W2737288479","https://openalex.org/W2741597348","https://openalex.org/W2766805125","https://openalex.org/W2793780249","https://openalex.org/W2809145456","https://openalex.org/W2887430893","https://openalex.org/W2889986919","https://openalex.org/W2896598939","https://openalex.org/W2904866617","https://openalex.org/W2920783196","https://openalex.org/W2921436962","https://openalex.org/W2969886037","https://openalex.org/W2987622454","https://openalex.org/W2989658386","https://openalex.org/W2991013880","https://openalex.org/W3003925635","https://openalex.org/W3011561224","https://openalex.org/W3013573543","https://openalex.org/W3016024001","https://openalex.org/W3045870658","https://openalex.org/W3048160598","https://openalex.org/W3088848920","https://openalex.org/W3092091903","https://openalex.org/W3100782268","https://openalex.org/W3102834833","https://openalex.org/W3115163746","https://openalex.org/W3135242233","https://openalex.org/W3174574309","https://openalex.org/W4232483931","https://openalex.org/W6674615465","https://openalex.org/W6679639778","https://openalex.org/W6775259031","https://openalex.org/W6797225458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2969429360","https://openalex.org/W2731729791","https://openalex.org/W2883365401","https://openalex.org/W4385235722","https://openalex.org/W2587776196","https://openalex.org/W2944280794","https://openalex.org/W2015476799","https://openalex.org/W2809746150","https://openalex.org/W156060698","https://openalex.org/W2777953498"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cooperative":[0],"adaptive":[1],"cruise":[2],"control":[3,11,43,121],"(CACC)":[4],"is":[5,26,56,81,118,123],"a":[6,70,126],"technology":[7],"for":[8,77],"the":[9,18,29,42,60,95,112,120,135,145,148],"automated":[10],"of":[12,14,20,147],"platoons":[13],"vehicles.":[15],"CACC":[16],"controls":[17],"behavior":[19],"vehicles":[21,30],"based":[22,82],"on":[23,37,83,106],"information":[24,97],"that":[25,134],"shared":[27],"among":[28],"through":[31,99],"vehicle-to-vehicle":[32],"(V2V)":[33],"communication.":[34],"However,":[35],"cyberattacks":[36],"V2V":[38,100,107],"communication":[39,101,108],"can":[40,138],"degrade":[41],"performance":[44],"and":[45,74,142],"may":[46],"cause":[47],"serious":[48],"accidents":[49],"such":[50,63],"as":[51,102],"vehicle":[52,91],"collisions;":[53],"therefore,":[54],"it":[55],"important":[57],"to":[58,125,150],"improve":[59],"resilience":[61],"against":[62],"attacks.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper,":[67],"we":[68,132],"propose":[69],"novel":[71],"attack":[72,117],"detection":[73],"defense":[75],"mechanism":[76,137],"CACC.":[78],"Our":[79],"approach":[80],"an":[84,116],"unknown":[85,103],"input":[86],"observer":[87],"(UIO),":[88],"which":[89],"estimates":[90],"states":[92],"by":[93],"treating":[94],"unreliable":[96],"obtained":[98],"inputs.":[104],"Attacks":[105],"are":[109],"detected":[110],"from":[111],"estimated":[113],"states.":[114],"When":[115],"detected,":[119],"method":[122],"switched":[124],"secure":[127],"method.":[128],"Through":[129],"simulation":[130],"experiments,":[131],"show":[133],"proposed":[136],"detect":[139],"attacks":[140],"immediately":[141],"accurately,":[143],"allowing":[144],"stability":[146],"platoon":[149],"be":[151],"maintained.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}