{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211208177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124200","title":"Binary-Classifiers-Enabled Filters for Semi-Supervised Learning","display_name":"Binary-Classifiers-Enabled Filters for Semi-Supervised Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211208177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124200","mag":"3211208177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3124200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124200","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09594804.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09594804.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101867351","display_name":"Teerath Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teerath Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-4989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055307644","display_name":"Jin\u2010Bae Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-199X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinbae Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-199X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066854398","display_name":"Muhammad Salman Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8548-3827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Salman Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8548-3827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022958958","display_name":"A. F. M. Shahab Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-0515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. F. M. Shahab Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-0515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063908850","display_name":"Jong Hwan Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4434-4318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong Hwan Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4434-4318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005200603","display_name":"Sung\u2010Ho Bae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-3186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Ho Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea. (e-mail: shbae@khu.ac.kr)","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-3186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea. (e-mail: shbae@khu.ac.kr)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.0423,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94912073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"167663","last_page":"167673"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.9505651593208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.744174599647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7382572293281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6646497249603271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.6315079927444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6110739707946777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5396450161933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.4535282254219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4171358346939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.41048648953437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.28117868304252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.19677752256393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.18038129806518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17007464170455933}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.9505651593208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.744174599647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7382572293281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6646497249603271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.6315079927444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6110739707946777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5396450161933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.4535282254219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4171358346939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.41048648953437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.28117868304252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.19677752256393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.18038129806518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17007464170455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3124200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124200","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09594804.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:10dd5cc5be314b2995a840f67b44ee76","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/10dd5cc5be314b2995a840f67b44ee76","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 167663-167673 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3124200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3124200","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09594804.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5940869472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10085646","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7903205676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1C1B3008159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211208177.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211208177.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30990998","https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1591011485","https://openalex.org/W1774786334","https://openalex.org/W1972567154","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2052666245","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2106241685","https://openalex.org/W2106401878","https://openalex.org/W2113577323","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2132034617","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2148489082","https://openalex.org/W2155837945","https://openalex.org/W2156387975","https://openalex.org/W2166093887","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2407712691","https://openalex.org/W2509712787","https://openalex.org/W2571942414","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2762452805","https://openalex.org/W2767754137","https://openalex.org/W2793430853","https://openalex.org/W2803193013","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2895094948","https://openalex.org/W2898801886","https://openalex.org/W2903672772","https://openalex.org/W2937423263","https://openalex.org/W2947411064","https://openalex.org/W2951970475","https://openalex.org/W2964194231","https://openalex.org/W2979805229","https://openalex.org/W2981571980","https://openalex.org/W3034453888","https://openalex.org/W3036073916","https://openalex.org/W3037041001","https://openalex.org/W3075036515","https://openalex.org/W3105625590","https://openalex.org/W3114034564","https://openalex.org/W3130503957","https://openalex.org/W3156333129","https://openalex.org/W3177095755","https://openalex.org/W3194620083","https://openalex.org/W3208248887","https://openalex.org/W4285057437","https://openalex.org/W6635439128","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6681822247","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6684805783","https://openalex.org/W6725417182","https://openalex.org/W6732144970","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6744659041","https://openalex.org/W6756186920","https://openalex.org/W6764051988","https://openalex.org/W6779784631","https://openalex.org/W6790314996","https://openalex.org/W6802879828","https://openalex.org/W6804597511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3211208177","https://openalex.org/W830076066","https://openalex.org/W2952229419","https://openalex.org/W3170999895","https://openalex.org/W4389374014","https://openalex.org/W4287117940","https://openalex.org/W4389989304","https://openalex.org/W2131513867","https://openalex.org/W3172882195","https://openalex.org/W2036486025"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"typical":[1],"semi-supervised":[2],"learning-based":[3],"scheme":[4],"is":[5,257],"based":[6,213],"on":[7,181,232,249],"training":[8],"a":[9,35,51,66,92,182],"single":[10],"model":[11],"for":[12,100,104,132,154],"labeled":[13],"data.":[14,157],"For":[15],"unlabeled":[16,107,135],"data,":[17],"it":[18],"uses":[19],"the":[20,27,41,48,63,78,82,106,134,151,156,165,168,176,263],"pseudo-labeling":[21,30,270],"method":[22],"to":[23,123,163,174],"obtain":[24],"labels.":[25],"However,":[26],"samples":[28,56,69,256,276],"during":[29],"are":[31,150,172],"often":[32],"filtered":[33],"using":[34,110],"probability":[36,53],"threshold,":[37,54,68],"which":[38],"suffers":[39],"from":[40],"challenge":[42],"of":[43,50,65,81,95,167,178,184,221,238,255,275],"effective":[44],"threshold":[45,75,161],"selection.":[46],"In":[47],"case":[49,64],"high":[52],"correct":[55],"may":[57],"not":[58],"be":[59,71],"labeled,":[60],"and":[61,139,191,208,224,229,268],"in":[62,235,272],"low":[67],"can":[70],"wrongly":[72],"labeled.":[73],"This":[74,84],"issue":[76,89],"degrades":[77],"overall":[79],"performance":[80,166,220,248],"model.":[83,169],"paper":[85],"addresses":[86],"this":[87],"vital":[88],"by":[90,109],"proposing":[91],"novel":[93],"approach":[94,159,180,217,267],"SSL":[96,269],"named":[97],"Binary-Classifiers-Enabled":[98],"Filters":[99],"Semi-Supervised":[101],"Learning":[102],"(BSSL)":[103,216],"labeling":[105,133,155],"data":[108,114],"binary":[111,120,141,148,214],"classifiers":[112,121,149,215],"as":[113],"filters.":[115],"That":[116],"is,":[117],"we":[118,128],"train":[119],"dedicated":[122],"each":[124],"class.":[125],"After":[126],"training,":[127],"propose":[129],"three":[130],"methods":[131],"data;":[136],"cascading,":[137],"non-cascading,":[138],"rank-based":[140,147],"classifiers.":[142],"Our":[143,158],"extensive":[144],"experiment":[145],"shows":[146,246],"best":[152],"choice":[153],"eliminates":[160],"selection":[162],"improve":[164],"Comprehensive":[170],"experiments":[171],"performed":[173],"demonstrate":[175],"effectiveness":[177],"our":[179],"variety":[183],"domains,":[185],"including":[186,195],"image":[187,250],"classification,":[188,193],"text":[189],"classification":[190],"audio":[192,233],"datasets":[194,234,251],"MNIST,":[196],"fashion-MNIST,":[197],"EuroSat,":[198],"ESC10,":[199],"Free":[200],"Spoken":[201],"Digit":[202],"dataset,":[203],"Audio":[204],"Emotion":[205],"recognition,":[206],"reuter":[207],"mice":[209],"protein":[210],"dataset.":[211,243],"Rank":[212],"achieves":[218],"absolute":[219],"atleast":[222],"10%":[223],"5%":[225],"over":[226],"supervised":[227,265],"learning(SL)":[228],"SSL,":[230],"respectively":[231],"different":[236,273],"number":[237,254,274],"sample":[239],"cases":[240],"except":[241],"RAVDESS":[242],"Moreover,":[244],"BSSL":[245,261],"tremendous":[247],"specifically":[252],"when":[253],"very":[258],"small.":[259],"Overall,":[260],"outperformed":[262],"purely":[264],"learning":[266],"approaches":[271],"cases.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
