{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211252547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123894","title":"Cryptocurrency Scams: Analysis and Perspectives","display_name":"Cryptocurrency Scams: Analysis and Perspectives","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211252547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123894","mag":"3211252547"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123894","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09591634.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09591634.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050606239","display_name":"Massimo Bartoletti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3796-9774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Bartoletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021056203","display_name":"Stefano Lande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0551-0790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Lande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010294470","display_name":"Andrea Loddo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-3816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Loddo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. (e-mail: andrea.loddo@unica.it)","Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. (e-mail: andrea.loddo@unica.it)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019584956","display_name":"Livio Pompianu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3745-4324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Livio Pompianu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024980955","display_name":"Sergio Serusi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Serusi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050606239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":16.2131,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99109812,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"148353","last_page":"148373"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.9507370591163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.763749897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.645514726638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unavailability","display_name":"Unavailability","score":0.6199731230735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.596193253993988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5158957242965698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5045980215072632}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.9507370591163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.763749897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.645514726638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093282","display_name":"Unavailability","level":2,"score":0.6199731230735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.596193253993988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5158957242965698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5045980215072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123894","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09591634.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:02db07b9b36445168fa78eecf642a29f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/02db07b9b36445168fa78eecf642a29f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 148353-148373 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/321327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11584/321327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123894","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09591634.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211252547.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211252547.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66588809","https://openalex.org/W103145994","https://openalex.org/W948575954","https://openalex.org/W1912769126","https://openalex.org/W1988699025","https://openalex.org/W1994130174","https://openalex.org/W2022932831","https://openalex.org/W2029936465","https://openalex.org/W2222557215","https://openalex.org/W2414847921","https://openalex.org/W2593801198","https://openalex.org/W2598801365","https://openalex.org/W2762151798","https://openalex.org/W2762598207","https://openalex.org/W2769810605","https://openalex.org/W2784213583","https://openalex.org/W2789063661","https://openalex.org/W2794784953","https://openalex.org/W2795995661","https://openalex.org/W2807731845","https://openalex.org/W2883685929","https://openalex.org/W2887627765","https://openalex.org/W2911571719","https://openalex.org/W2912943595","https://openalex.org/W2914551363","https://openalex.org/W2918882236","https://openalex.org/W2919870799","https://openalex.org/W2921674422","https://openalex.org/W2945570567","https://openalex.org/W2946227865","https://openalex.org/W2946416612","https://openalex.org/W2948108400","https://openalex.org/W2962831337","https://openalex.org/W2963604227","https://openalex.org/W2964631013","https://openalex.org/W2965374788","https://openalex.org/W2968035976","https://openalex.org/W2981756928","https://openalex.org/W2998369447","https://openalex.org/W2998523344","https://openalex.org/W3012561668","https://openalex.org/W3030155658","https://openalex.org/W3034999443","https://openalex.org/W3035480952","https://openalex.org/W3055710627","https://openalex.org/W3088852339","https://openalex.org/W3092272025","https://openalex.org/W3093568874","https://openalex.org/W3097942849","https://openalex.org/W3105675809","https://openalex.org/W3123330587","https://openalex.org/W3156859751","https://openalex.org/W3203824217","https://openalex.org/W4289258743","https://openalex.org/W4399014464","https://openalex.org/W6624820987","https://openalex.org/W6759458195","https://openalex.org/W6760329883","https://openalex.org/W6762473318","https://openalex.org/W6762875752","https://openalex.org/W6771794067","https://openalex.org/W6778141293","https://openalex.org/W6784261919","https://openalex.org/W6794494806","https://openalex.org/W6868236932","https://openalex.org/W6868707419","https://openalex.org/W6868724982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237235066","https://openalex.org/W2026539069","https://openalex.org/W207884067","https://openalex.org/W3127016596","https://openalex.org/W3048799479","https://openalex.org/W3006507989","https://openalex.org/W2779961139","https://openalex.org/W4240241597","https://openalex.org/W2763500028","https://openalex.org/W4240288358"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,7,14,20,27,46,67,73,76,82,138,167,215,230],"inception":[2],"of":[3,9,22,35,41,48,62,78,84,125,134,140,166,195,197,217,229,253],"Bitcoin":[4],"in":[5,92],"2009,":[6],"market":[8],"cryptocurrencies":[10,43],"has":[11,71],"grown":[12],"beyond":[13],"initial":[15],"expectations,":[16],"as":[17],"witnessed":[18],"by":[19],"thousands":[21,196],"tokenised":[23],"assets":[24],"available":[25],"on":[26,75,170],"market,":[28],"whose":[29],"daily":[30],"trades":[31],"amount":[32],"to":[33,53,86,129,146,177,211,242,259],"dozens":[34],"USD":[36],"billions.":[37],"The":[38,59],"pseudonymity":[39],"features":[40,241],"these":[42],"have":[44],"attracted":[45],"attention":[47],"cybercriminals,":[49],"who":[50],"exploit":[51],"them":[52,209],"carry":[54],"out":[55],"potentially":[56],"untraceable":[57],"scams.":[58,157,265],"wide":[60],"range":[61],"cryptocurrency-based":[63],"scams":[64,108,206],"observed":[65],"over":[66],"last":[68],"ten":[69],"years":[70],"fostered":[72],"research":[74,91],"analysis":[77,228],"their":[79,135,240,243],"effects,":[80],"and":[81,131,154,183,207],"development":[83],"techniques":[85],"counter":[87],"them.":[88],"However,":[89],"doing":[90],"this":[93,159],"field":[94],"requires":[95],"addressing":[96],"several":[97,234],"challenges:":[98],"for":[99],"instance,":[100],"although":[101],"a":[102,178,192,251],"few":[103],"data":[104,185],"sources":[105],"about":[106],"cryptocurrency":[107,156,171,198,264],"are":[109],"publicly":[110],"available,":[111],"they":[112],"often":[113],"contain":[114],"incomplete":[115],"or":[116],"misclassified":[117],"data.":[118],"Further,":[119],"there":[120],"is":[121],"no":[122],"standard":[123,221],"taxonomy":[124],"scams,":[126,172],"which":[127,173],"leads":[128],"ambiguous":[130],"incoherent":[132],"interpretations":[133],"nature.":[136],"Indeed,":[137],"unavailability":[139],"reliable":[141],"datasets":[142],"makes":[143],"it":[144],"difficult":[145],"train":[147],"effective":[148],"automatic":[149,202],"classifiers":[150],"that":[151,204,255],"can":[152],"detect":[153],"analyse":[155],"In":[158],"paper,":[160],"we":[161,174,190,249],"perform":[162],"an":[163,201,226],"extensive":[164],"review":[165],"scientific":[168],"literature":[169],"systematise":[175],"according":[176,210],"novel":[179],"taxonomy.":[180],"By":[181],"collecting":[182],"homogenising":[184],"from":[186,239],"different":[187],"public":[188],"sources,":[189],"build":[191],"uniform":[193],"dataset":[194],"scams.We":[199],"devise":[200],"tool":[203,219],"recognises":[205],"classifies":[208],"our":[212,218],"taxonomy.We":[213],"assess":[214],"effectiveness":[216],"through":[220],"performance":[222],"metrics.We":[223],"also":[224],"give":[225],"in-depth":[227],"classification":[231],"results,":[232],"offering":[233],"insights":[235],"into":[236],"threat":[237],"types,":[238],"connection":[244],"with":[245],"other":[246],"types.":[247],"Finally,":[248],"provide":[250],"set":[252],"guidelines":[254],"policymakers":[256],"could":[257],"follow":[258],"improve":[260],"user":[261],"protection":[262],"against":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}
