{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209119988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123789","title":"Available Capacity Computation Model Based on Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network for Gelled-Electrolyte Batteries in Golf Carts","display_name":"Available Capacity Computation Model Based on Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network for Gelled-Electrolyte Batteries in Golf Carts","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209119988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123789","mag":"3209119988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123789","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09591620.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09591620.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019780601","display_name":"Ching\u2010Ming Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7224-3955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Ming Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7224-3955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040394457","display_name":"Ting-Jung Kuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-7075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting-Jung Kuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-7075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6594,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65484024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"54433","last_page":"54444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10660","display_name":"Conducting polymers and applications","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.6866023540496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.6583844423294067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6541410088539124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-health","display_name":"State of health","score":0.6302318572998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6262136697769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-network","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","score":0.5469728112220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.5435000658035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.46516871452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.4246102571487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.38654521107673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3733542561531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27512210607528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.22494438290596008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22148221731185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.12654095888137817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11736530065536499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.6866023540496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.6583844423294067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6541410088539124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777294910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4050070","display_name":"State of health","level":4,"score":0.6302318572998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6262136697769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.5469728112220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.5435000658035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.46516871452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.4246102571487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.38654521107673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3733542561531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27512210607528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.22494438290596008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22148221731185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.12654095888137817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11736530065536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123789","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09591620.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9c9edef3d2f74396a2c455ee19165999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9c9edef3d2f74396a2c455ee19165999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 54433-54444 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123789","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09591620.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3649061015","display_name":"Study and Implementation of Three-Phase High-Power Wireless Fast Charging System for Evs( II )","funder_award_id":"MOST110-2622-E005-002-CC2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4213487846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 111-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6474133379","display_name":"New Energy Electric Vehicles Technology Industry-Academia Alliance( I )","funder_award_id":"MOST110-2622-8005-005-TE1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6844397021","display_name":"New Energy Electric Vehicles Technology Industry-Academia Alliance( II )","funder_award_id":"MOST111-2622-8005-003-TE1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7371151365","display_name":"Advanced Intelligent Circular Economy with Combined Cooling, Heat & Power System( I )","funder_award_id":"MOST110-3116-F008-002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209119988.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209119988.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686516082","https://openalex.org/W1972116054","https://openalex.org/W1977239819","https://openalex.org/W1977603059","https://openalex.org/W1982784803","https://openalex.org/W1990049094","https://openalex.org/W1995055882","https://openalex.org/W2003835747","https://openalex.org/W2006829425","https://openalex.org/W2016791954","https://openalex.org/W2024891624","https://openalex.org/W2031163345","https://openalex.org/W2046437294","https://openalex.org/W2055076027","https://openalex.org/W2057051670","https://openalex.org/W2072599217","https://openalex.org/W2078405861","https://openalex.org/W2099105779","https://openalex.org/W2119975358","https://openalex.org/W2127838801","https://openalex.org/W2140527302","https://openalex.org/W2161602762","https://openalex.org/W2161820804","https://openalex.org/W2219163372","https://openalex.org/W2235008892","https://openalex.org/W2497034946","https://openalex.org/W2553491973","https://openalex.org/W2564110768","https://openalex.org/W2579337035","https://openalex.org/W2587188232","https://openalex.org/W2776458183","https://openalex.org/W2885578090","https://openalex.org/W2888907451","https://openalex.org/W2923630316","https://openalex.org/W2942231644","https://openalex.org/W2954379827","https://openalex.org/W2955325445","https://openalex.org/W2980420373","https://openalex.org/W2996740073","https://openalex.org/W3005124815","https://openalex.org/W3008602596","https://openalex.org/W3009664539","https://openalex.org/W3018139049","https://openalex.org/W3046521568","https://openalex.org/W3090734436","https://openalex.org/W3092215607","https://openalex.org/W3110175444","https://openalex.org/W3119768927","https://openalex.org/W4232834109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115072676","https://openalex.org/W4311212821","https://openalex.org/W1998527754","https://openalex.org/W2045727192","https://openalex.org/W1529660427","https://openalex.org/W2102065768","https://openalex.org/W2563120467","https://openalex.org/W4390752998","https://openalex.org/W1670175697","https://openalex.org/W2524120878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"deep":[1],"neural":[2,36,153,160],"network":[3,37,154,161],"model":[4,29,53,123,169],"for":[5,60,188],"the":[6,9,40,43,48,61,72,76,80,85,93,98,118,122,128,133,137,151,158,168,173,178,189],"investigation":[7],"of":[8,16,19,42,45,50,95,100,102,130,132,145,155,162,175,182],"discharging":[10],"voltage,":[11],"temperature,":[12],"cycle,":[13],"and":[14,47,83,97,112,126,157,177],"state":[15,44,49,94,99,129,174],"charge-dependent":[17],"behavior":[18],"gel":[20,103,134],"batteries":[21,86,104,135,183],"is":[22],"presented":[23],"in":[24,87,108,136],"this":[25],"paper.":[26],"The":[27,52,89],"proposed":[28],"utilizes":[30,92],"a":[31,57,141],"long":[32],"short-term":[33],"memory":[34],"recurrent":[35,159],"to":[38,66,114],"investigate":[39],"estimation":[41],"charge":[46,96,131,176],"health.":[51],"could":[54],"serve":[55],"as":[56,105],"management":[58,90,192],"strategy":[59,91],"Vehicle":[62],"Service":[63],"Management":[64],"Centers":[65],"reduce":[67],"maintenance":[68],"costs":[69],"by":[70],"regulating":[71],"battery":[73],"status,":[74],"managing":[75],"driving":[77,81,110],"paths,":[78],"adjusting":[79],"areas,":[82],"replacing":[84],"batches.":[88],"health":[101],"key":[106],"variables":[107],"assigning":[109],"paths":[111],"areas":[113],"golf":[115,138],"carts.":[116],"In":[117],"actual":[119],"on-road":[120],"experiment,":[121],"successfully":[124],"tested":[125],"verified":[127],"cart":[139],"with":[140],"mean":[142],"absolute":[143],"error":[144],"0.376%":[146],"which":[147,184],"was":[148],"better":[149],"than":[150],"feedforward":[152],"2.8%":[156],"1.7%.":[163],"These":[164],"results":[165],"indicate":[166],"that":[167],"can":[170],"accurately":[171],"estimate":[172],"remaining":[179],"service":[180,191],"life":[181],"provide":[185],"clear":[186],"indicators":[187],"vehicle":[190],"systems.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}