{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209893417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123225","title":"Using LSTM Neural Network Based on Improved PSO and Attention Mechanism for Predicting the Effluent COD in a Wastewater Treatment Plant","display_name":"Using LSTM Neural Network Based on Improved PSO and Attention Mechanism for Predicting the Effluent COD in a Wastewater Treatment Plant","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209893417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123225","mag":"3209893417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123225","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09585463.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09585463.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352355","display_name":"Xin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5437-2075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106079672","display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/036h65h05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017383611","display_name":"Qiming Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3381-2817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106079672","display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/036h65h05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiming Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China. (e-mail: 1909744485@qq.com)","School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China. (e-mail: 1909744485@qq.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696537","display_name":"Zhen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-123X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106079672","display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/036h65h05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044193911","display_name":"Yuan Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1122-6315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106079672","display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/036h65h05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100352355"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.0981,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9136195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"146082","last_page":"146096"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effluent","display_name":"Effluent","score":0.7178689241409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.6384391188621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wastewater","display_name":"Wastewater","score":0.6252294182777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6184577941894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sewage-treatment","display_name":"Sewage treatment","score":0.6181032657623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5931156873703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.4132949113845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35378068685531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.332097589969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.2811276316642761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147455438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706","display_name":"Effluent","level":2,"score":0.7178689241409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6384391188621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.6252294182777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6184577941894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.6181032657623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5931156873703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4132949113845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35378068685531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.332097589969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2811276316642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123225","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09585463.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f3fd37c64674c5a8e8f48eaec28912f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f3fd37c64674c5a8e8f48eaec28912f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 146082-146096 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3123225","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09585463.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4740372756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SJ2101003148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329779","funder_display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4907567762","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SJ2101003149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329779","funder_display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7658344067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SJ2101003143","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329779","funder_display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8973601415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F2021402005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324851","display_name":"Hebei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p884a79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329779","display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/036h65h05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209893417.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209893417.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1981992694","https://openalex.org/W2015107988","https://openalex.org/W2052051873","https://openalex.org/W2056405301","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2516713989","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2769851728","https://openalex.org/W2770601771","https://openalex.org/W2771100845","https://openalex.org/W2803984689","https://openalex.org/W2886982273","https://openalex.org/W2888300933","https://openalex.org/W2896351606","https://openalex.org/W2901048536","https://openalex.org/W2954239558","https://openalex.org/W2963009098","https://openalex.org/W2963148318","https://openalex.org/W2984074761","https://openalex.org/W2984376566","https://openalex.org/W3009005808","https://openalex.org/W3014255745","https://openalex.org/W3027566504","https://openalex.org/W3027954957","https://openalex.org/W3032313470","https://openalex.org/W3034491765","https://openalex.org/W3042826099","https://openalex.org/W3091618127","https://openalex.org/W3093007897","https://openalex.org/W3093963740","https://openalex.org/W3113024681","https://openalex.org/W3114421026","https://openalex.org/W3132882148","https://openalex.org/W3143158417","https://openalex.org/W3143173712","https://openalex.org/W3153742098","https://openalex.org/W3155824097","https://openalex.org/W3157061921","https://openalex.org/W3157294059","https://openalex.org/W3162033173","https://openalex.org/W3162497604","https://openalex.org/W3162791930","https://openalex.org/W3167320603","https://openalex.org/W3169952140","https://openalex.org/W3171030002","https://openalex.org/W3198376164","https://openalex.org/W4247239708","https://openalex.org/W6630875275","https://openalex.org/W6787195296","https://openalex.org/W6797257220"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2841594860","https://openalex.org/W4285578642","https://openalex.org/W2725420826","https://openalex.org/W2794467456","https://openalex.org/W2768626418","https://openalex.org/W2739351539","https://openalex.org/W1980268383","https://openalex.org/W4387008175","https://openalex.org/W2064727257","https://openalex.org/W4224324761"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Enhancing":[0],"the":[1,39,60,102,105,116,130,135,142,146,151,158,163,178,189,202,209,215,221,227,233,240,248,259,272],"monitoring":[2,46,64],"capabilities":[3],"of":[4,23,38,42,62,104,145,165,208,220,232,244,247,271],"wastewater":[5,43],"treatment":[6],"plant":[7],"(WWTP)":[8],"key":[9,40],"features":[10,41,186],"can":[11],"accomplish":[12],"accurate":[13,269],"prediction":[14,192,270],"to":[15,26,58,109,114,128,140,161,177,181,187],"help":[16],"WWTPs":[17],"develop":[18],"a":[19,72,76,267],"plan,":[20],"which":[21],"is":[22,36,99,112,126,155,175],"great":[24],"significance":[25],"control":[27],"regional":[28],"water":[29,184],"environmental":[30],"pollution.":[31],"Chemical":[32],"oxygen":[33],"demand":[34],"(COD)":[35],"one":[37],"treatment.":[44],"Traditional":[45],"methods":[47],"are":[48,107],"time":[49],"consuming":[50],"and":[51,94,134,139,200,239,265],"have":[52],"high":[53],"costs":[54],"making":[55],"it":[56],"difficult":[57,108],"meet":[59],"needs":[61],"rapid":[63],"in":[65,157],"practical":[66],"applications.":[67],"To":[68],"address":[69],"this":[70],"issue,":[71],"method":[73],"for":[74],"optimizing":[75],"long":[77],"short":[78],"term":[79],"memory":[80],"(LSTM)":[81],"neural":[82],"network":[83],"model":[84,180,211,223,235,250,261],"based":[85],"on":[86],"adaptive":[87],"hybrid":[88,152],"mutation":[89,153],"particle":[90],"swarm":[91],"optimization":[92],"(AHMPSO)":[93],"an":[95,173],"attention":[96],"mechanism":[97],"(AM)":[98],"proposed.":[100],"As":[101],"hyperparameters":[103],"LSTM":[106,179],"select,":[110],"AHMPSO":[111],"used":[113],"optimize":[115],"LSTM.":[117],"A":[118],"nonlinear":[119],"variable":[120],"inertia":[121],"weight":[122],"with":[123,195],"random":[124],"factors":[125],"introduced":[127],"balance":[129],"global":[131],"search":[132,137,159],"ability":[133,138],"local":[136,169,183],"improve":[141,188],"convergence":[143],"speed":[144],"PSO":[147],"algorithm.":[148],"In":[149],"addition,":[150],"strategy":[154],"added":[156,176],"process":[160],"reduce":[162],"risk":[164],"particles":[166],"falling":[167],"into":[168],"optimal":[170],"solutions.":[171],"Finally,":[172],"AM":[174],"mine":[182],"quality":[185],"effluent":[190,273],"COD":[191],"accuracy.":[193],"Compared":[194],"other":[196],"models":[197],"(LSTM,":[198],"LSTM-AM,":[199],"PSO-LSTM-AM),":[201],"RMSE(the":[203],"root":[204],"mean":[205,217,229],"square":[206],"error)":[207,219,231],"optimized":[210,222,234,249,260],"decreased":[212,224,236],"by":[213,225,237,252],"7.803%-19.499%,":[214],"MAE(the":[216],"absolute":[218,230],"9.669%-27.551%,":[226],"MAPE(the":[228],"8.993%-25.996%,":[238],"R2":[241],"(the":[242],"coefficient":[243],"determination)":[245],"value":[246],"increased":[251],"3.313%-11.229%.":[253],"The":[254],"experimental":[255],"results":[256],"show":[257],"that":[258],"has":[262],"better":[263],"performance":[264],"achieves":[266],"more":[268],"COD.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}