{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206102117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121291","title":"ARAP-SG: Anonymous and Reliable Authentication Protocol for Smart Grids","display_name":"ARAP-SG: Anonymous and Reliable Authentication Protocol for Smart Grids","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206102117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121291","mag":"3206102117"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3121291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121291","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09579421.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09579421.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040138369","display_name":"Muhammad Tanveer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9836-9970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5400463","display_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sb6ek09","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tanveer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan","Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9836-9970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000151549","display_name":"Abd Ullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abd Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["High Speed Networks Lab, National Yang-Ming Chaio-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan and School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan. (e-mail: newabd470@gmail.com)","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-9931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Speed Networks Lab, National Yang-Ming Chaio-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan and School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan. (e-mail: newabd470@gmail.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045970551","display_name":"Habib Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-6285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Habib Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-6285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034896032","display_name":"Ahmed Alkhayyat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-3453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131779051","display_name":"Iraqi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wfhkb67","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Alkhayyat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Technical Engineering, College of Technical Engineering, Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-3453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Technical Engineering, College of Technical Engineering, Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047048551","display_name":"Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9321-6956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091267","display_name":"\u0130stanbul Geli\u015fim \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/0188hvh39","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091267"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9321-6956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053467873","display_name":"Musheer Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4915-9325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59475050","display_name":"Jamia Millia Islamia","ror":"https://ror.org/00pnhhv55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59475050"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Musheer Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Musheer Ahmad is Department of Computer Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025","Dept. of Computer Engg, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4915-9325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Musheer Ahmad is Department of Computer Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59475050"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Engg, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59475050"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.6636,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97177419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"143366","last_page":"143377"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7451745867729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5799703598022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5675410628318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-exchange","display_name":"Key exchange","score":0.5452688932418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-oracle","display_name":"Random oracle","score":0.5348027944564819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.4857369065284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authenticated-key-exchange","display_name":"Authenticated Key Exchange","score":0.4313998520374298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.3855034410953522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3765420913696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.3355962038040161}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7451745867729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5799703598022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5675410628318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.5452688932418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.5348027944564819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.4857369065284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777572472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825878","display_name":"Authenticated Key Exchange","level":5,"score":0.4313998520374298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.3855034410953522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3765420913696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3355962038040161}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3121291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121291","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09579421.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b59a7f41b7914d73b2a7babc9fd823e9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b59a7f41b7914d73b2a7babc9fd823e9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 143366-143377 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3121291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121291","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09579421.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G439956169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP.2/365/42","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","funder_display_name":"King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206102117.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206102117.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122941544","https://openalex.org/W2279729589","https://openalex.org/W2338765631","https://openalex.org/W2517336287","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2613554997","https://openalex.org/W2770141764","https://openalex.org/W2789827290","https://openalex.org/W2800348009","https://openalex.org/W2911981000","https://openalex.org/W2944326485","https://openalex.org/W2959335677","https://openalex.org/W2969264604","https://openalex.org/W2974280033","https://openalex.org/W2986949576","https://openalex.org/W2998233014","https://openalex.org/W3009321643","https://openalex.org/W3023719826","https://openalex.org/W3024683468","https://openalex.org/W3027027957","https://openalex.org/W3044930678","https://openalex.org/W3081470778","https://openalex.org/W3092188219","https://openalex.org/W3105714802","https://openalex.org/W3119336689","https://openalex.org/W3127717474","https://openalex.org/W3132134440","https://openalex.org/W3146664580","https://openalex.org/W3156844446","https://openalex.org/W3166675588","https://openalex.org/W3168707212","https://openalex.org/W3197254847","https://openalex.org/W3199647785","https://openalex.org/W3200024171","https://openalex.org/W6790429497","https://openalex.org/W6801962263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096532495","https://openalex.org/W3175334233","https://openalex.org/W3000282663","https://openalex.org/W3095589423","https://openalex.org/W2161209604","https://openalex.org/W2163413435","https://openalex.org/W2387820617","https://openalex.org/W3114726515","https://openalex.org/W2611228024","https://openalex.org/W1517710990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,64,75,144,183],"Things-enabled":[2],"smart":[3,19],"grid":[4],"(SG)":[5],"technology":[6],"provides":[7],"ample":[8],"advantages":[9],"to":[10,33,41,51,60,86,106,126,155,179],"traditional":[11],"power":[12,29],"grids.":[13],"In":[14],"an":[15,97],"SG":[16,77,104],"system,":[17],"the":[18,23,28,37,42,48,62,65,72,76,117,128,137,142,163,171,175,181],"meter":[20],"(SM)":[21],"is":[22,58,191,209],"critical":[24],"component":[25],"that":[26,189,207,222],"collects":[27],"usage":[30],"information":[31,40,111,134,168],"related":[32],"users":[34],"and":[35,69,84,99,109,123,147,153,226,230],"delivers":[36],"accumulated":[38],"vital":[39],"central":[43],"service":[44],"provider":[45],"(CSP)":[46],"via":[47],"Internet,":[49],"imperiled":[50],"numerous":[52],"pernicious":[53],"security":[54,182,196,201,236],"threats.":[55],"Consequently,":[56],"it":[57],"crucial":[59],"preserve":[61],"integrity":[63],"communication":[66,231],"between":[67],"SMs":[68],"CSP":[70,85,152],"for":[71,103,166],"smooth":[73],"running":[74],"system.":[78],"Authentication":[79],"protocol":[80,102],"effectively":[81],"enables":[82],"SM":[83,154],"communicate":[87],"securely":[88],"by":[89,198],"establishing":[90],"a":[91,157,215],"secure":[92,108],"channel.":[93],"This":[94],"paper":[95],"presents":[96],"anonymous":[98],"reliable":[100,110,133],"authentication":[101,129,138,164,220],"(ARAP-SG)":[105],"enable":[107],"exchange.":[112],"The":[113],"proposed":[114],"ARAP-SG":[115,131,150,190,208,223],"uses":[116],"hash":[118],"function,":[119],"elliptic":[120],"curve":[121],"cryptography,":[122],"symmetric":[124],"encryption":[125],"complete":[127],"phase.":[130],"guarantees":[132],"exchange":[135,169],"during":[136],"phase":[139,165],"while":[140],"conserving":[141],"anonymity":[143],"both":[145],"SP":[146],"SM.":[148],"Additionally,":[149],"authorizes":[151],"construct":[156],"session":[158],"key":[159],"(SK)":[160],"after":[161],"accomplishing":[162],"undecipherable":[167],"in":[170,193],"future.":[172],"We":[173],"utilized":[174],"random":[176],"oracle":[177],"model":[178],"corroborate":[180],"constructed":[184],"SK.":[185],"Moreover,":[186],"we":[187,212],"demonstrate":[188],"proficient":[192],"thwarting":[194],"covert":[195],"attacks":[197],"effectuating":[199],"informal":[200],"analysis.":[202],"Furthermore,":[203],"Scyther-based":[204],"corroboration":[205],"manifests":[206],"secure.":[210],"Finally,":[211],"explain":[213],"through":[214],"comparative":[216],"analysis":[217],"with":[218,234],"relevant":[219],"protocols":[221],"entails":[224],"25.5-56.76%":[225],"7.69-49.47%":[227],"low":[228],"computational":[229],"overheads,":[232],"respectively,":[233],"improved":[235],"properties.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}