{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206678180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121011","title":"Maximizing Parallel Activation of Word-Lines in MRAM-Based Binary Neural Network Accelerators","display_name":"Maximizing Parallel Activation of Word-Lines in MRAM-Based Binary Neural Network Accelerators","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206678180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121011","mag":"3206678180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3121011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121011","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09578991.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09578991.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023936391","display_name":"Daehyun Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-9963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daehyun Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-9963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004988543","display_name":"Hyunmyung Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1392-9364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunmyung Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388377","display_name":"Hyungjun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-1557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyungjun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea and Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-1557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea and Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012718779","display_name":"Yulhwa Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-821X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulhwa Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003219699","display_name":"Jae\u2010Joon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Joon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-8258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6102,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67808011,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"141961","last_page":"141969"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7618381381034851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.6442115306854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6078836917877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.5187059044837952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5084378123283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.503091037273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-variation","display_name":"Process variation","score":0.49836158752441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.43275129795074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4240344166755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.386734277009964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.25661545991897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2521005868911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.24077042937278748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.23171743750572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13516461849212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.10479399561882019}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7618381381034851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.6442115306854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6078836917877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.5187059044837952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5084378123283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.503091037273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93389723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247313","display_name":"Process variation","level":3,"score":0.49836158752441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43275129795074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4240344166755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.386734277009964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.25661545991897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2521005868911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.24077042937278748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.23171743750572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13516461849212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.10479399561882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3121011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121011","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09578991.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a316a41a2612480b885733c178414d2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a316a41a2612480b885733c178414d2d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 141961-141969 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3121011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121011","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09578991.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3834389204","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020R1A2C2004329","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G459406849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016M3A7B4910249","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8206867838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016M3A7B4910249","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8692617485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A2C2004329","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206678180.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206678180.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1974831841","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2267635276","https://openalex.org/W2396622873","https://openalex.org/W2433248078","https://openalex.org/W2487018225","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2782046614","https://openalex.org/W2791687715","https://openalex.org/W2798554798","https://openalex.org/W2802142613","https://openalex.org/W2809295488","https://openalex.org/W2889005033","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2945561934","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2996765603","https://openalex.org/W3013241373","https://openalex.org/W3113114492","https://openalex.org/W4233443202","https://openalex.org/W4295262505","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6750749591","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6772009205","https://openalex.org/W6786903858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145932742","https://openalex.org/W2554791727","https://openalex.org/W3146164987","https://openalex.org/W1874409533","https://openalex.org/W3145286053","https://openalex.org/W4310296159","https://openalex.org/W3090694869","https://openalex.org/W2135459326","https://openalex.org/W3145243790","https://openalex.org/W2325040699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magnetic":[0],"RAM":[1],"(MRAM)-based":[2],"crossbar":[3],"array":[4],"has":[5],"a":[6,10,61],"great":[7],"potential":[8],"as":[9],"platform":[11],"for":[12],"in-memory":[13],"binary":[14],"neural":[15],"network":[16],"(BNN)":[17],"computing.":[18],"However,":[19],"the":[20,33,45,67,74,82,86,104,117,124,135,147],"number":[21,87,105,148],"of":[22,32,37,88,106,110,149],"word-lines":[23],"that":[24,134],"can":[25],"be":[26],"activated":[27],"simultaneously":[28],"is":[29],"limited":[30],"because":[31],"low":[34],"IH/IL":[35],"ratio":[36],"MRAM,":[38],"which":[39],"makes":[40,138],"BNNs":[41,111,139],"more":[42,79,140],"vulnerable":[43],"to":[44,70,81,102,142],"device":[46,83,120],"variation.":[47],"To":[48],"address":[49],"this":[50],"issue,":[51],"we":[52,59,95],"propose":[53],"an":[54,97],"algorithm/hardware":[55],"co-design":[56],"methodology.":[57],"First,":[58],"choose":[60],"promising":[62],"MCA":[63,76],"structure":[64,77],"based":[65,127],"on":[66,128],"sensitivity":[68],"analysis":[69],"process":[71],"variations.":[72],"Since":[73],"selected":[75],"becomes":[78],"tolerant":[80,141],"variation":[84,121,144],"when":[85],"1":[89,107],"in":[90,108],"input":[91,98,109],"activation":[92,152],"values":[93],"decreases,":[94],"apply":[96],"distribution":[99],"regularization":[100],"scheme":[101,126],"reduce":[103],"during":[112],"training.":[113],"We":[114],"further":[115],"improve":[116],"robustness":[118],"against":[119],"by":[122],"adopting":[123],"retraining":[125],"knowledge":[129],"distillation.":[130],"Experimental":[131],"results":[132],"show":[133],"proposed":[136],"method":[137],"MRAM":[143],"and":[145,158],"increases":[146],"parallel":[150],"word-line":[151],"significantly;":[153],"thereby":[154],"achieving":[155],"improved":[156],"throughput":[157],"energy":[159],"efficiency.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}