{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205147540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119631","title":"DPiT: Detecting Defects of Photovoltaic Solar Cells With Image Transformers","display_name":"DPiT: Detecting Defects of Photovoltaic Solar Cells With Image Transformers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205147540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119631","mag":"3205147540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3119631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119631","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09568905.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09568905.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102942071","display_name":"Xiangying Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangying Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China and State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China and State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009275386","display_name":"Liu Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4511-0647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Corporation of China, Beijing 100031, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Corporation of China, Beijing 100031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075239269","display_name":"Zhixiong Na","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5742-1338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiong Na","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China. (e-mail: hellonazx@163.com)","State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5742-1338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China. (e-mail: hellonazx@163.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101441851","display_name":"Xin Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4448-8971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391473","display_name":"Dong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-0955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid e-commerce Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074480499","display_name":"Biao Leng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3588-5622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3588-5622","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8211,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67573857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"154292","last_page":"154303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7542761564254761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.7218809127807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5819772481918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5596082806587219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-energy","display_name":"Solar energy","score":0.4561637043952942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.45078718662261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3269587755203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.21804466843605042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.12406837940216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10284188389778137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7542761564254761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.7218809127807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5819772481918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5596082806587219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541104983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015","display_name":"Solar energy","level":2,"score":0.4561637043952942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.45078718662261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3269587755203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21804466843605042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.12406837940216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10284188389778137}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3119631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119631","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09568905.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ecfd9af6b304e6384aadea431014f7b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ecfd9af6b304e6384aadea431014f7b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 154292-154303 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3119631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119631","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09568905.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G443774039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SGTJDK00DYJS2000148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","funder_display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7887336454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1500800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8607830349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.1109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205147540.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205147540.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6722518","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1897465823","https://openalex.org/W2041509578","https://openalex.org/W2071448691","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168063894","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2558206839","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2765407302","https://openalex.org/W2813043034","https://openalex.org/W2825063406","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2899663614","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2980326480","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W3011781975","https://openalex.org/W3012495957","https://openalex.org/W3012756106","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3111478985","https://openalex.org/W3112490813","https://openalex.org/W3118035739","https://openalex.org/W3121523901","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3137963805","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3139049060","https://openalex.org/W3158926370","https://openalex.org/W3165143317","https://openalex.org/W3165212823","https://openalex.org/W3170874841","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6745136726","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755977528","https://openalex.org/W6788135285","https://openalex.org/W6788477181","https://openalex.org/W6790555728","https://openalex.org/W6791705549","https://openalex.org/W6792155083","https://openalex.org/W6792695861"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W2386968573","https://openalex.org/W2395064349","https://openalex.org/W2034374297","https://openalex.org/W3124914020","https://openalex.org/W821205410","https://openalex.org/W2141033859","https://openalex.org/W2077542787","https://openalex.org/W2382628689","https://openalex.org/W2766130412"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Solar":[0],"energy":[1,25],"is":[2,118,198],"one":[3],"of":[4,23,58,97,102],"the":[5,29,42,90,94,98,122,128,139,151,169,195],"most":[6],"important":[7],"resources":[8],"that":[9,194],"can":[10,46,133,174,209],"be":[11,134],"a":[12,50,72,145],"clean":[13],"and":[14,38,83,104,109,132,215],"renewable":[15],"alternative":[16,137],"to":[17,76,92,120,138,149,161,200],"traditional":[18],"fuels.":[19],"The":[20,33,190],"collection":[21],"process":[22],"solar":[24,31,44,59,80],"mainly":[26],"rely":[27],"on":[28,41,79,168],"photovoltaic":[30,43],"cells.":[32],"defects,":[34],"such":[35],"as":[36],"microcracks":[37],"finger":[39],"interruption":[40],"cells":[45,60,81],"reduce":[47],"its":[48,180],"efficiency":[49],"lot.":[51],"To":[52],"solve":[53],"this":[54,68],"problem,":[55],"defects":[56,78,204],"detection":[57],"have":[61],"attracted":[62],"attention":[63,130,160],"from":[64],"many":[65],"researchers.":[66],"In":[67,206],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,86,143],"propose":[71,144],"transformer":[73,91],"based":[74,114],"network":[75],"detect":[77,201],"efficiently":[82],"effectively.":[84],"First,":[85],"introduce":[87],"convolutions":[88],"into":[89,154],"enable":[93],"input":[95],"embeddings":[96],"transformer,":[99],"positional":[100],"information":[101],"patches":[103],"spatial":[105],"context":[106],"more":[107],"accurate":[108,163],"precise.":[110],"Secondly,":[111],"cross":[112],"window":[113,123],"multi-head":[115],"self-attention":[116],"(CW-MSA)":[117],"proposed":[119,196],"enlarge":[121],"relation":[124],"modeling":[125],"capacity":[126],"via":[127],"strong":[129,157,181],"mechanism":[131],"an":[135],"effective":[136],"original":[140],"counterpart.":[141],"Finally,":[142],"multi-scale":[146],"aggregation":[147],"block":[148],"merge":[150],"low-level":[152],"features":[153,158],"deep":[155],"semantically":[156],"by":[159],"obtain":[162],"geometry":[164],"information.":[165],"Extensive":[166],"experiments":[167],"elpv":[170],"dataset":[171],"demonstrate":[172],"DPiT":[173,197,208],"consistently":[175],"bring":[176],"significant":[177],"improvements":[178],"over":[179],"baseline":[182],"Swin":[183],"Transformer":[184],"with":[185],"subtle":[186],"extra":[187],"computational":[188],"overhead.":[189],"visualization":[191],"results":[192],"show":[193],"able":[199],"various":[202],"complex":[203],"correctly.":[205],"particular,":[207],"achieve":[210],"impressive":[211],"91.7":[212],"top-1":[213],"accuracy":[214],"greatly":[216],"outperforms":[217],"other":[218],"competitive":[219],"counterparts.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}