{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206992295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119404","title":"Complex Network and Source Inspired COVID-19 Fake News Classification on Twitter","display_name":"Complex Network and Source Inspired COVID-19 Fake News Classification on Twitter","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206992295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119404","mag":"3206992295"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3119404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119404","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081637217","display_name":"Khubaib Ahmed Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7660-8886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34476706","display_name":"DHA Suffa University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fyxr563","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34476706"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khubaib Ahmed Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34476706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080820575","display_name":"Rauf Ahmed Shams Malick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0844-4883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rauf Ahmed Shams Malick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107368122","display_name":"Muhammad Sabih","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34476706","display_name":"DHA Suffa University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fyxr563","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34476706"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sabih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34476706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006125158","display_name":"Hocine Cherifi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9124-4921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177064439","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1bsr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177064439"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hocine Cherifi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire Informatique de Bourgogne, LIB, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire Informatique de Bourgogne, LIB, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177064439"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081637217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34476706"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":756,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":815},"fwci":16.697,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99120627,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"139636","last_page":"139656"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7638648152351379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.6676495671272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5839686393737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"Deception","score":0.5692833662033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.49810266494750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rumor","display_name":"Rumor","score":0.4258199632167816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4230154752731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42030608654022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.413775771856308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3012120723724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.295852392911911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.13625648617744446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7638648152351379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.6676495671272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5839686393737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.5692833662033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.49810266494750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780469804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878352","display_name":"Rumor","level":2,"score":0.4258199632167816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4230154752731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42030608654022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.413775771856308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3012120723724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.295852392911911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.13625648617744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3119404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03560116v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03560116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 2021, 9, pp.139636-139656. &#x27E8;10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3119404&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b097542cf70b48eeaff9cab14be1534b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b097542cf70b48eeaff9cab14be1534b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 139636-139656 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3119404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3119404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331552","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30489333","https://openalex.org/W31250479","https://openalex.org/W621249151","https://openalex.org/W1495061682","https://openalex.org/W1505419431","https://openalex.org/W1514907448","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1920307802","https://openalex.org/W1988768159","https://openalex.org/W2016266039","https://openalex.org/W2050619059","https://openalex.org/W2072715695","https://openalex.org/W2121911157","https://openalex.org/W2130354913","https://openalex.org/W2131744502","https://openalex.org/W2136710010","https://openalex.org/W2164082612","https://openalex.org/W2171160459","https://openalex.org/W2171468534","https://openalex.org/W2241325217","https://openalex.org/W2251293245","https://openalex.org/W2289084663","https://openalex.org/W2290393813","https://openalex.org/W2339329611","https://openalex.org/W2582561810","https://openalex.org/W2593408211","https://openalex.org/W2626431759","https://openalex.org/W2737056279","https://openalex.org/W2740560510","https://openalex.org/W2742330194","https://openalex.org/W2749784378","https://openalex.org/W2750697398","https://openalex.org/W2767921688","https://openalex.org/W2779673789","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2791315675","https://openalex.org/W2793174485","https://openalex.org/W2799165947","https://openalex.org/W2804365752","https://openalex.org/W2809476703","https://openalex.org/W2810026022","https://openalex.org/W2810047920","https://openalex.org/W2891453035","https://openalex.org/W2911710347","https://openalex.org/W2924545743","https://openalex.org/W2927732725","https://openalex.org/W2935402340","https://openalex.org/W2942373674","https://openalex.org/W2944575651","https://openalex.org/W2950096578","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2952813692","https://openalex.org/W2954365773","https://openalex.org/W2954441166","https://openalex.org/W2963968475","https://openalex.org/W2973869284","https://openalex.org/W2984683276","https://openalex.org/W2995822546","https://openalex.org/W3000155280","https://openalex.org/W3004372920","https://openalex.org/W3004544135","https://openalex.org/W3015306266","https://openalex.org/W3016436175","https://openalex.org/W3023222413","https://openalex.org/W3030055324","https://openalex.org/W3031781733","https://openalex.org/W3037987827","https://openalex.org/W3044534474","https://openalex.org/W3045987077","https://openalex.org/W3046340454","https://openalex.org/W3049697419","https://openalex.org/W3080590497","https://openalex.org/W3097827700","https://openalex.org/W3102867977","https://openalex.org/W3103872969","https://openalex.org/W3111936288","https://openalex.org/W3121309663","https://openalex.org/W3123172907","https://openalex.org/W3124804010","https://openalex.org/W3129444530","https://openalex.org/W3138053709","https://openalex.org/W3187277406","https://openalex.org/W4232331747","https://openalex.org/W4287693250","https://openalex.org/W4288079542","https://openalex.org/W4288298805","https://openalex.org/W4297782361","https://openalex.org/W4300819311","https://openalex.org/W4301166652","https://openalex.org/W6601259143","https://openalex.org/W6629652716","https://openalex.org/W6630611256","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6640581393","https://openalex.org/W6679775712","https://openalex.org/W6696469092","https://openalex.org/W6734714529","https://openalex.org/W6747268521","https://openalex.org/W6750787382","https://openalex.org/W6754746396","https://openalex.org/W6758183469","https://openalex.org/W6782759596","https://openalex.org/W6889741782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372853429","https://openalex.org/W2793319716","https://openalex.org/W3110636174","https://openalex.org/W4210503589","https://openalex.org/W2810386322","https://openalex.org/W2908713064","https://openalex.org/W2801267666","https://openalex.org/W4213140416","https://openalex.org/W2188429085","https://openalex.org/W2886888575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"COVID-19":[1,219],"related":[2],"infodemic,":[3],"social":[4],"media":[5],"becomes":[6],"a":[7,31,145,185,217,292],"medium":[8],"for":[9,117],"wrongdoers":[10],"to":[11,55,66,104,128,158,189],"spread":[12],"rumors,":[13],"fake":[14,68,106,120,130,283],"news,":[15,107],"hoaxes,":[16],"conspiracies,":[17],"astroturf":[18],"memes,":[19],"clickbait,":[20],"satire,":[21],"smear":[22],"campaigns,":[23],"and":[24,47,57,83,156,198,225,232,245,257,288],"other":[25],"forms":[26],"of":[27,42,52,81,86,175,193,212,270],"deception.":[28],"It":[29],"puts":[30],"tremendous":[32],"strain":[33],"on":[34,74,78,100,149,216],"society":[35],"by":[36],"damaging":[37],"reputation,":[38],"public":[39],"trust,":[40],"freedom":[41],"expression,":[43],"journalism,":[44],"justice,":[45],"truth,":[46],"democracy.":[48],"Therefore,":[49],"it":[50],"is":[51,182],"paramount":[53],"importance":[54],"detect":[56,67,105,129,159],"contain":[58],"unreliable":[59],"information.":[60],"Multiple":[61],"techniques":[62,114],"have":[63],"been":[64],"proposed":[65,214,278],"news":[69,88,131,151,176,284],"propagation":[70,77],"in":[71,109,140,184,285],"tweets":[72,75],"based":[73],"content,":[76],"the":[79,84,87,101,138,150,172,213,230,263,277,286],"network":[80,196,243],"users,":[82],"profile":[85,180,200],"generators.":[89],"Generating":[90],"human-like":[91],"content":[92],"allows":[93],"deceiving":[94],"content-based":[95],"methods.":[96],"Network-based":[97],"methods":[98],"rely":[99],"complete":[102],"graph":[103],"resulting":[108],"late":[110],"detection.":[111,122],"User":[112],"profile-based":[113],"are":[115,125,163,202,262],"effective":[116],"bots":[118],"or":[119],"accounts":[121],"However,":[123],"they":[124],"not":[126],"suited":[127],"from":[132],"original":[133],"accounts.":[134],"To":[135],"deal":[136],"with":[137,178,266],"shortcomings":[139],"existing":[141],"methods,":[142],"we":[143],"introduce":[144],"source-based":[146],"method":[147],"focusing":[148],"propagators\u2019":[152],"community,":[153],"including":[154],"posters":[155],"re-tweeters":[157],"such":[160],"contents.":[161],"Propagators":[162],"connected":[164],"using":[165,291],"follower-following":[166],"relations.":[167],"A":[168],"feature":[169],"set":[170],"combining":[171],"connectivity":[173],"patterns":[174],"propagators":[177],"their":[179],"features":[181,201,239,244,247],"used":[183],"machine":[186,223],"learning":[187,224,227,259],"framework":[188],"perform":[190,207,240],"binary":[191],"classification":[192],"tweets.":[194],"Complex":[195],"measures":[197],"user":[199,246],"also":[203,281],"examined":[204],"separately.":[205],"We":[206],"an":[208,267],"extensive":[209],"comparative":[210],"analysis":[211],"methodology":[215],"real-world":[218],"dataset,":[220],"exploiting":[221],"various":[222],"deep":[226,258],"models":[228],"at":[229],"community":[231],"node":[233],"levels.":[234],"Results":[235],"show":[236,275],"that":[237,252,276],"hybrid":[238],"better":[241],"than":[242],"alone.":[248],"Further":[249],"optimization":[250],"demonstrates":[251],"Ensemble\u2019s":[253],"boosting":[254],"model":[255,260],"CATBoost":[256],"RNN":[261],"most":[264],"effective,":[265],"AUC":[268],"score":[269],"98%.":[271],"Furthermore,":[272],"preliminary":[273],"results":[274],"solution":[279],"can":[280],"handle":[282],"political":[287],"entertainment":[289],"domain":[290],"small":[293],"training":[294],"set.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}
