{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203498076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3117563","title":"Anti-Jamming Game to Combat Intelligent Jamming for Cognitive Radio Networks","display_name":"Anti-Jamming Game to Combat Intelligent Jamming for Cognitive Radio Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203498076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3117563","mag":"3203498076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3117563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3117563","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09558789.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09558789.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055560025","display_name":"Khalid Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-4365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cant. 47040, Pakistan. (e-mail: khalidibrahim786@ciitwah.edu.pk)","Department of Electrical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cant. 47040, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cant. 47040, Pakistan. (e-mail: khalidibrahim786@ciitwah.edu.pk)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cant. 47040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041481409","display_name":"Soon Xin Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0930-7194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soon Xin Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Next Generation Wireless Group, ECS, University of Southampton, SO171BJ, Southampton, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Next Generation Wireless Group, ECS, University of Southampton, SO171BJ, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032487942","display_name":"Ijaz Mansoor Qureshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ijaz Mansoor Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028176318","display_name":"Aqdas Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3517-8760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aqdas Naveed Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004034156","display_name":"Sami Muhaidat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-9399"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Muhaidat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE and Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE and Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055560025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025","https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.6633,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93194381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"137941","last_page":"137956"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.9074910879135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.815656304359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.7404029965400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-game","display_name":"Stochastic game","score":0.5507312417030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5254232883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.5252066254615784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5252013802528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4765886962413788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38580575585365295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3594745993614197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33459246158599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23955047130584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18887445330619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11343419551849365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.9074910879135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.815656304359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.7404029965400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.5507312417030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5254232883453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.5252066254615784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5252013802528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4765886962413788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38580575585365295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3594745993614197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33459246158599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23955047130584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18887445330619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11343419551849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3117563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3117563","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09558789.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8d2190bde0d74624acd67618b17cae18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8d2190bde0d74624acd67618b17cae18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 137941-137956 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3117563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3117563","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09558789.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2357355570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EX2020-038-8434000383","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","funder_display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5757159591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EX2020-037-8434000382","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","funder_display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320277","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324725","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203498076.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203498076.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W361876","https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1211723827","https://openalex.org/W1513468570","https://openalex.org/W1542941925","https://openalex.org/W1622908323","https://openalex.org/W1973039793","https://openalex.org/W1976882631","https://openalex.org/W2039947370","https://openalex.org/W2044698554","https://openalex.org/W2047399268","https://openalex.org/W2047878090","https://openalex.org/W2048092462","https://openalex.org/W2049559758","https://openalex.org/W2058762382","https://openalex.org/W2071707134","https://openalex.org/W2084026635","https://openalex.org/W2091005538","https://openalex.org/W2095975429","https://openalex.org/W2096145798","https://openalex.org/W2097025901","https://openalex.org/W2104602264","https://openalex.org/W2106027325","https://openalex.org/W2106887472","https://openalex.org/W2107561590","https://openalex.org/W2111232537","https://openalex.org/W2122311135","https://openalex.org/W2133282516","https://openalex.org/W2137901486","https://openalex.org/W2154984588","https://openalex.org/W2156288624","https://openalex.org/W2163520262","https://openalex.org/W2188632736","https://openalex.org/W2274490253","https://openalex.org/W2280566217","https://openalex.org/W2486702221","https://openalex.org/W2524142004","https://openalex.org/W2544056523","https://openalex.org/W2581015310","https://openalex.org/W2592162962","https://openalex.org/W2604464672","https://openalex.org/W2606995913","https://openalex.org/W2611484353","https://openalex.org/W2727450595","https://openalex.org/W2730287276","https://openalex.org/W2751369415","https://openalex.org/W2765551136","https://openalex.org/W2766711294","https://openalex.org/W2768904616","https://openalex.org/W2770759419","https://openalex.org/W2786151222","https://openalex.org/W2804867869","https://openalex.org/W2806121278","https://openalex.org/W2808384983","https://openalex.org/W2811316292","https://openalex.org/W2892960552","https://openalex.org/W2898754723","https://openalex.org/W2906540740","https://openalex.org/W2915711433","https://openalex.org/W2950944913","https://openalex.org/W2954193369","https://openalex.org/W2963688947","https://openalex.org/W2987728396","https://openalex.org/W2993674183","https://openalex.org/W2995497578","https://openalex.org/W2999061182","https://openalex.org/W3000407329","https://openalex.org/W3006186780","https://openalex.org/W3006500835","https://openalex.org/W3013832385","https://openalex.org/W3014513860","https://openalex.org/W3025968523","https://openalex.org/W3028221719","https://openalex.org/W3028371439","https://openalex.org/W3101969148","https://openalex.org/W3147235462","https://openalex.org/W3163676048","https://openalex.org/W3167807850","https://openalex.org/W6600018571","https://openalex.org/W6630520071","https://openalex.org/W6675811377","https://openalex.org/W6796275865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2559261346","https://openalex.org/W4280609833","https://openalex.org/W2136943174","https://openalex.org/W1984793747","https://openalex.org/W1973979964","https://openalex.org/W4235820682","https://openalex.org/W4312547492","https://openalex.org/W185479762","https://openalex.org/W2071274528","https://openalex.org/W4385187224"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0],"Radio":[1],"(CR)":[2],"provides":[3],"a":[4,70,104,113,155,191],"promising":[5],"solution":[6],"to":[7,35,41,111,171,187],"the":[8,13,18,28,53,66,76,79,94,97,118,127,137,160],"spectrum":[9],"scarcity":[10],"problem":[11],"in":[12,58,75,174],"dense":[14],"wireless":[15],"networks,":[16],"where":[17,116,159],"sensing":[19],"ability":[20],"of":[21,27,38,52,78,92,96,194],"cognitive":[22,31],"users":[23,32,135],"helps":[24],"acquire":[25],"knowledge":[26],"environment.":[29,98],"However,":[30],"are":[33,123,163],"vulnerable":[34],"different":[36],"types":[37],"attacks,":[39],"due":[40],"its":[42,141],"shared":[43],"medium.":[44],"In":[45,61,99,131],"particular,":[46],"Jamming":[47],"is":[48,90],"considered":[49],"as":[50,173],"one":[51,169],"most":[54],"challenging":[55],"security":[56],"threat":[57],"CR":[59,109],"networks.":[60],"jamming,":[62],"an":[63,86,145],"attacker":[64],"jams":[65],"communication":[67],"by":[68,139],"transmitting":[69],"high":[71],"power":[72],"noise":[73],"signal":[74],"vicinity":[77],"targeted":[80],"node.":[81],"The":[82],"jammer":[83,138],"could":[84],"be":[85],"intelligent":[87],"entity":[88],"that":[89,180],"capable":[91],"exploiting":[93],"dynamics":[95],"this":[100],"work,":[101],"we":[102],"provide":[103],"machine-learning-based":[105],"anti-jamming":[106,121],"technique":[107,150],"for":[108],"networks":[110],"avoid":[112,136],"hostile":[114],"jammer,":[115],"both":[117],"jamming":[119,189],"and":[120,166],"processes":[122],"formulated":[124],"based":[125],"on":[126],"Markov":[128],"game":[129],"framework.":[130],"our":[132,181],"framework,":[133],"secondary":[134],"maximizing":[140],"payoff":[142],"function":[143],"using":[144],"online,":[146],"model-free":[147],"reinforcement":[148],"learning":[149],"called":[151],"Q-learning.":[152],"We":[153],"consider":[154],"realistic":[156],"mathematical":[157],"model,":[158],"channel":[161],"conditions":[162],"time":[164],"varying":[165],"differ":[167],"from":[168],"sub-channel":[170],"another,":[172],"practical":[175],"scenarios.":[176,195],"Simulation":[177],"results":[178],"show":[179],"proposed":[182],"approach":[183],"outperforms":[184],"existing":[185],"approaches":[186],"combat":[188],"over":[190],"wide":[192],"range":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
