{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204317683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3115150","title":"Trustworthy Blockchain Gateways for Resource-Constrained Clients and IoT Devices","display_name":"Trustworthy Blockchain Gateways for Resource-Constrained Clients and IoT Devices","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204317683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3115150","mag":"3204317683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3115150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3115150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09547294.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09547294.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021530908","display_name":"Mazin Debe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6328-271X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mazin Debe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028133110","display_name":"Khaled Salah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Salah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071929595","display_name":"Raja Jayaraman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-2688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raja Jayaraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE","Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044230953","display_name":"Ibrar Yaqoob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8438-3429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrar Yaqoob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE. (e-mail: ibrar.yaqoob@ku.ac.ae)","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE. (e-mail: ibrar.yaqoob@ku.ac.ae)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050335396","display_name":"Junaid Arshad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-9498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7XG, U.K","School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7XG, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021530908"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.9728,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94284558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"132875","last_page":"132887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9555000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8582181334495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8344489336013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.668624222278595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5262657403945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.46629801392555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4145324230194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16619601845741272}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8582181334495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8344489336013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.668624222278595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5262657403945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.46629801392555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4145324230194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16619601845741272}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3115150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3115150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09547294.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk:12224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402654","display_name":"BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","host_organization_name":"Birmingham City University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/61868657-fe78-40bf-bf8d-3883566129ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/61868657-fe78-40bf-bf8d-3883566129ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055442","display_name":"Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Debe, M, Salah, K, Jayaraman, R, Yaqoob, I & Arshad, J 2021, 'Trustworthy blockchain gateways for resource-constrained clients and IoT devices', IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 132875-132887. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3115150","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fad1296dffd14302b1bf864f0d418baa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fad1296dffd14302b1bf864f0d418baa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 132875-132887 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3115150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3115150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09547294.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G503991895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIRA-2019-001.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","funder_display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8173591335","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIRA-2019-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","funder_display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204317683.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204317683.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2620636316","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2890486517","https://openalex.org/W2950226614","https://openalex.org/W2955356875","https://openalex.org/W2972432684","https://openalex.org/W2995625611","https://openalex.org/W3002742063","https://openalex.org/W3016194986","https://openalex.org/W3042319774","https://openalex.org/W3110843115","https://openalex.org/W3120264963","https://openalex.org/W3174470544","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6738571232","https://openalex.org/W6765201269","https://openalex.org/W6780735805","https://openalex.org/W6788903637","https://openalex.org/W6797267276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4406264591","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949","https://openalex.org/W4285166115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Resource-constrained":[0],"blockchain":[1,20,35,54,79,83,140,194],"clients":[2,26,58,125],"and":[3,16,22,27,80,89,161,187,209,223],"the":[4,18,34,53,61,78,81,110,128,139,146,157,171,175,183,192,198,213],"Internet":[5],"of":[6,14,33,52,77,115,159,177,207,212],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"devices":[9,28],"pose":[10],"limitations":[11],"in":[12,127,174],"terms":[13],"processing":[15],"storing":[17],"entire":[19],"ledger":[21,84],"mining":[23],"blocks.":[24],"Such":[25],"rely":[29],"on":[30,191],"a":[31,49,69,74,98,178],"view":[32,51,76],"provided":[36],"by":[37,113],"full":[38,104],"nodes":[39,45,105],"acting":[40],"as":[41,106,131],"gateways.":[42],"However,":[43],"gateway":[44],"sometimes":[46],"can":[47],"provide":[48,167],"distorted":[50],"that":[55,102,149],"makes":[56],"lightweight":[57,116,124],"vulnerable":[59],"to":[60,86,108,122,135,203],"eclipse":[62],"attack.":[63],"When":[64],"under":[65],"such":[66],"an":[67],"attack,":[68],"client":[70],"cannot":[71],"differentiate":[72],"between":[73],"forked":[75],"legitimate":[82],"leading":[85],"fatal":[87],"consequences":[88],"huge":[90],"losses":[91],"incurred.":[92],"In":[93],"this":[94],"paper,":[95],"we":[96],"propose":[97],"data":[99,129],"attestation":[100,147,152],"solution":[101,200],"employs":[103],"validators":[107],"attest":[109],"responses":[111],"reported":[112,130],"gateways":[114],"nodes.":[117],"We":[118,181,196,217],"leverage":[119],"smart":[120,215,220],"contracts":[121,221],"give":[123],"confidence":[126],"they":[132],"are":[133],"unable":[134],"validate":[136],"it":[137],"from":[138],"network":[141],"themselves.":[142],"The":[143],"system":[144,185],"governs":[145],"process":[148],"comprises":[150],"submitting":[151],"requests,":[153],"approving":[154],"them,":[155],"recording":[156],"response":[158],"validators,":[160],"manage":[162],"payments.":[163],"Clients":[164],"can,":[165],"thereafter,":[166],"their":[168],"feedback":[169],"about":[170],"validator/gateway":[172],"performance":[173],"form":[176],"reputation":[179],"score.":[180],"present":[182],"proposed":[184,199],"architecture":[186],"describe":[188],"its":[189],"implementation":[190],"Ethereum":[193],"network.":[195],"evaluate":[197],"with":[201],"respect":[202],"functionality":[204],"testing,":[205],"cost":[206],"execution,":[208],"security":[210],"analysis":[211],"developed":[214],"contracts.":[216],"make":[218],"our":[219],"code":[222],"testing":[224],"scripts":[225],"publicly":[226],"available.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
