{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201094278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3114098","title":"Blockchain and AI-Empowered Social Distancing Scheme to Combat COVID-19 Situations","display_name":"Blockchain and AI-Empowered Social Distancing Scheme to Combat COVID-19 Situations","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201094278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3114098","mag":"3201094278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3114098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3114098","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09541193.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09541193.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089077811","display_name":"Sudeep Tanwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-4651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudeep Tanwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-4651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058080028","display_name":"Rajesh Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-4238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-4238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069651792","display_name":"Mohil Maheshkumar Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-0799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohil Maheshkumar Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-0799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102892920","display_name":"Arpit Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6247-6675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpit Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6247-6675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022261598","display_name":"Gulshan Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-0956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177181097","display_name":"Durban University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0303y7a51","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177181097"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulshan Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Durban, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177181097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079249544","display_name":"Innocent E. Davidson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2336-4136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177181097","display_name":"Durban University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0303y7a51","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177181097"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Innocent E. Davidson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Durban, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2336-4136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177181097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.552,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95009435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"129830","last_page":"129840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"Social distance","score":0.8722296953201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7417012453079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6849684715270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distancing","display_name":"Distancing","score":0.5627015233039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5450156331062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.45318150520324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.4261007308959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3770441710948944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09787097573280334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.8722296953201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7417012453079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6849684715270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31957729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282877","display_name":"Distancing","level":5,"score":0.5627015233039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5450156331062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.45318150520324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.4261007308959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3770441710948944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09787097573280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3114098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3114098","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09541193.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e16fefd20f2d41549114fe29e747451d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e16fefd20f2d41549114fe29e747451d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 129830-129840 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3114098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3114098","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09541193.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201094278.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201094278.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2615506785","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2976008907","https://openalex.org/W2980182496","https://openalex.org/W2980781235","https://openalex.org/W2986631711","https://openalex.org/W3000385461","https://openalex.org/W3015444032","https://openalex.org/W3019283372","https://openalex.org/W3023617420","https://openalex.org/W3023621826","https://openalex.org/W3024722220","https://openalex.org/W3024801014","https://openalex.org/W3025352604","https://openalex.org/W3030419021","https://openalex.org/W3036565711","https://openalex.org/W3044680687","https://openalex.org/W3045430915","https://openalex.org/W3045669112","https://openalex.org/W3046663788","https://openalex.org/W3047080537","https://openalex.org/W3080889385","https://openalex.org/W3080965489","https://openalex.org/W3092301470","https://openalex.org/W3094086913","https://openalex.org/W3095178570","https://openalex.org/W3095811343","https://openalex.org/W3097720782","https://openalex.org/W3104578244","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3133407250","https://openalex.org/W3177587866","https://openalex.org/W3181572557","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6781700704","https://openalex.org/W6786084802"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3022812738","https://openalex.org/W3206267557","https://openalex.org/W4231302758","https://openalex.org/W3194568786","https://openalex.org/W3195503335","https://openalex.org/W3135225779","https://openalex.org/W3123375363","https://openalex.org/W4232857257","https://openalex.org/W4233969366","https://openalex.org/W4387859117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122,214,245],"COVID-19":[1,37,120],"pandemic":[2],"situation":[3],"has":[4],"proved":[5],"to":[6,93,118,202],"be":[7],"disastrous":[8],"for":[9,22,68,114,139,169,248,253,263],"humanity":[10],"throughout":[11],"the":[12,27,34,50,56,65,76,79,91,99,140,146,152,162,171,179,187,190,194,204,217,278,284,288],"world.":[13],"However,":[14],"during":[15],"this":[16,103],"period,":[17],"people":[18,47,92,207],"must":[19],"take":[20],"precautions":[21],"safety":[23],"purposes.":[24],"One":[25],"of":[26,36,184,216],"essential":[28],"steps":[29],"towards":[30],"eliminating":[31],"or":[32],"reducing":[33],"effect":[35],"is":[38,167,220,250],"maintaining":[39],"social":[40,51,69,95,116,211],"distancing":[41,52,70,117],"while":[42,54],"in":[43,102],"public":[44],"places.":[45],"Some":[46],"are":[48,199,255,265],"neglecting":[49],"norms":[53],"on":[55,223],"move.":[57],"Still,":[58],"no":[59,86],"surveillance":[60],"system":[61,88],"exists,":[62],"which":[63,89],"monitors":[64],"people\u2019s":[66],"movement":[67],"and":[71,109,132,181,193,232,238,240,259,262,272],"securely":[72],"&":[73],"efficiently":[74],"shares":[75],"information":[77,185],"with":[78],"concerned":[80],"administration":[81,195],"department.":[82],"There":[83],"also":[84,200],"exists":[85],"penalty":[87],"forces":[90],"ensure":[94],"distancing.":[96],"Motivated":[97],"from":[98,151],"aforementioned":[100],"facts,":[101],"paper,":[104],"we":[105,282],"present":[106],"a":[107],"blockchain":[108,236],"artificial":[110],"intelligence":[111],"(AI)-envisioned":[112],"scheme":[113,124,219,286],"monitoring":[115],"combat":[119],"situations.":[121],"proposed":[123,218,285],"uses":[125],"fast":[126],"region-based":[127],"convolutional":[128],"neural":[129],"networks":[130],"(RCNN)":[131],"you":[133],"only":[134],"look":[135],"once":[136],"(YOLO)":[137],"models":[138],"object":[141],"(i.e.,":[142],"human)":[143],"detection":[144,231],"through":[145],"live":[147],"video":[148],"feed":[149],"captured":[150],"static":[153],"CCTV":[154],"cameras":[155],"as":[156,158,228],"well":[157],"lens-equipped":[159],"drones.":[160],"Further,":[161],"efficient":[163],"euclidean":[164],"distance":[165,172,212],"calculation":[166],"embedded":[168],"calculating":[170],"between":[173,186],"two":[174],"humans.":[175],"Blockchain":[176,197],"technology":[177],"ensures":[178],"secure":[180],"trusted":[182],"exchange":[183],"entities":[188],"at":[189],"physical":[191],"layer":[192],"departments.":[196],"wallets":[198],"used":[201],"pay":[203],"fine":[205],"when":[206],"do":[208],"not":[209],"follow":[210],"norms.":[213],"performance":[215,243],"evaluated":[221],"based":[222],"three":[224],"broad":[225],"parameters":[226,246,279],"such":[227],"(i)":[229,249],"human":[230],"violation":[233],"identification,":[234],"(ii)":[235,254],"simulation":[237,260],"analysis,":[239],"(iii)":[241,264],"network":[242,266,273],"comparison.":[244],"considered":[247],"confidence":[251],"score,":[252],"scalability,":[256],"hash":[257],"rate,":[258,271],"interface,":[261],"bandwidth,":[267],"throughput,":[268],"packet":[269],"loss":[270],"latency.":[274],"By":[275],"analyzing":[276],"all":[277],"mentioned":[280],"above,":[281],"observe":[283],"outperforms":[287],"traditional":[289],"approaches.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
