{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200954418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3113953","title":"End-to-End Image Steganography Using Deep Convolutional Autoencoders","display_name":"End-to-End Image Steganography Using Deep Convolutional Autoencoders","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200954418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3113953","mag":"3200954418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3113953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3113953","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09541180.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09541180.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966596","display_name":"Nandhini Subramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-5532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["GB","QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nandhini Subramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-5532","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036391281","display_name":"Ismahane Cheheb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-0476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismahane Cheheb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-0476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073274738","display_name":"Omar Elharrouss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5341-5440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["GB","QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Elharrouss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5341-5440","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017608892","display_name":"Somaya Al-M\u00e1adeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-2899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somaya Al-Maadeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-2899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033623398","display_name":"Ahmed Bouridane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-2772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Bouridane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom. (e-mail: ahmed.bouridane@northumbria.ac.uk)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-2772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom. (e-mail: ahmed.bouridane@northumbria.ac.uk)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.2661,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9557287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"135585","last_page":"135593"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7983391284942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6565481424331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.5671215653419495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5478387475013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.5317906737327576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45918601751327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.41725316643714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40307870507240295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35183286666870117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7983391284942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6565481424331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.5671215653419495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5478387475013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.5317906737327576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45918601751327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41725316643714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40307870507240295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35183286666870117}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3113953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3113953","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09541180.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irep.ntu.ac.uk:46088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400559","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","host_organization_name":"Nottingham Trent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d9da3bbba3dd44008c3fcef4b140dc02","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d9da3bbba3dd44008c3fcef4b140dc02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 135585-135593 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/31102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10576/31102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400014","display_name":"Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","host_organization_name":"Qatar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3113953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3113953","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09541180.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200954418.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200954418.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W990856609","https://openalex.org/W1992116320","https://openalex.org/W2014333909","https://openalex.org/W2093390643","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2142527415","https://openalex.org/W2187744702","https://openalex.org/W2269124040","https://openalex.org/W2341789099","https://openalex.org/W2601242302","https://openalex.org/W2610892808","https://openalex.org/W2611320059","https://openalex.org/W2749193951","https://openalex.org/W2751202750","https://openalex.org/W2752821911","https://openalex.org/W2771036112","https://openalex.org/W2774208477","https://openalex.org/W2775919797","https://openalex.org/W2796965328","https://openalex.org/W2808467956","https://openalex.org/W2808626692","https://openalex.org/W2883233582","https://openalex.org/W2889136409","https://openalex.org/W2892212215","https://openalex.org/W2901231491","https://openalex.org/W2908542906","https://openalex.org/W2913808330","https://openalex.org/W2914062350","https://openalex.org/W2914132244","https://openalex.org/W2930279444","https://openalex.org/W2949862294","https://openalex.org/W2960740154","https://openalex.org/W2963001579","https://openalex.org/W2963411261","https://openalex.org/W2963462425","https://openalex.org/W2964267196","https://openalex.org/W2965349828","https://openalex.org/W2995293933","https://openalex.org/W3004271471","https://openalex.org/W3005441623","https://openalex.org/W3011567452","https://openalex.org/W3025382900","https://openalex.org/W3081237379","https://openalex.org/W3091927242","https://openalex.org/W3095141076","https://openalex.org/W3100675441","https://openalex.org/W3122311785","https://openalex.org/W3127089236","https://openalex.org/W3132909798","https://openalex.org/W3142067920","https://openalex.org/W4288636824","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6654177595","https://openalex.org/W6687006771","https://openalex.org/W6704233219","https://openalex.org/W6740680174","https://openalex.org/W6743223498","https://openalex.org/W6743553542","https://openalex.org/W6746523225","https://openalex.org/W6746559639","https://openalex.org/W6746837351","https://openalex.org/W6759332404","https://openalex.org/W6759376566","https://openalex.org/W6790302997","https://openalex.org/W6790807585"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2521839693","https://openalex.org/W2969135852","https://openalex.org/W2188948172","https://openalex.org/W38533693","https://openalex.org/W2892069487","https://openalex.org/W2741842698","https://openalex.org/W2887979804","https://openalex.org/W1760333999","https://openalex.org/W2265739152","https://openalex.org/W2094307307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0],"steganography":[1,150,176],"is":[2,20,29,74,101],"used":[3,124],"to":[4,32,44,76,88,125],"hide":[5],"a":[6,10,66,78,82],"secret":[7,18,35,48,79,92],"image":[8,12,28,41,80,84,93,149,175],"inside":[9,81],"cover":[11,27,40,83],"in":[13],"plain":[14],"sight.":[15],"Traditionally,":[16],"the":[17,26,34,39,47,54,58,90,95,120,127,158],"data":[19],"converted":[21],"into":[22],"binary":[23,36],"bits":[24],"and":[25,46,109,116,142,144,166,168],"manipulated":[30],"statistically":[31],"embed":[33,77],"bits.":[37],"Overloading":[38],"may":[42,50],"lead":[43],"distortions":[45],"information":[49],"become":[51],"visible.":[52],"Hence":[53],"hiding":[55,114,163],"capacity":[56,115],"of":[57],"traditional":[59,148],"methods":[60],"are":[61,123],"limited.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"light-weight":[67],"yet":[68],"simple":[69],"deep":[70,173],"convolutional":[71],"autoencoder":[72],"architecture":[73],"proposed":[75,99,130,159],"as":[85,87],"well":[86],"extract":[89],"embedded":[91],"from":[94],"stego":[96],"image.":[97],"The":[98,129,152],"method":[100,131,160],"evaluated":[102,134],"using":[103,135],"three":[104],"datasets":[105],"-":[106],"COCO,":[107],"CelebA":[108],"ImageNet.":[110],"Peak":[111],"Signal-to-Noise":[112],"Ratio,":[113],"imperceptibility":[117,169],"results":[118,154],"on":[119],"test":[121],"set":[122],"measure":[126],"performance.":[128],"has":[132,161],"been":[133],"various":[136],"images":[137],"including":[138],"Lena,":[139],"airplane,":[140],"baboon":[141],"peppers":[143],"compared":[145],"against":[146],"other":[147,172],"methods.":[151,177],"experimental":[153],"have":[155],"demonstrated":[156],"that":[157],"higher":[162],"capacity,":[164],"security":[165],"robustness,":[167],"performances":[170],"than":[171],"learning":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
