{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200866045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3112880","title":"A Systematic Review of Data Models for the Big Data Problem","display_name":"A Systematic Review of Data Models for the Big Data Problem","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200866045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3112880","mag":"3200866045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3112880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3112880","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09537765.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09537765.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008068181","display_name":"Faezeh Mostajabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7121-141X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110525433","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/01kzn7k21","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120974","display_name":"Islamic Azad University of Tafresh","ror":"https://ror.org/02bcg1976","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210120974"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faezeh Mostajabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Qeshm Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm 7953163135, Iran. (e-mail: fa.mostajabi@gmail.com)","Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm Branch, Qeshm, Iran","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7121-141X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Qeshm Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm 7953163135, Iran. (e-mail: fa.mostajabi@gmail.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm Branch, Qeshm, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067118552","display_name":"Ali Asghar Safaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-8720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Asghar Safaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran","Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-8720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041757079","display_name":"Amir Sahafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-670X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136830121","display_name":"Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch","ror":"https://ror.org/02xc21a77","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I136830121"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Sahafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran","Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136830121"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136830121"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1768,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7974026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"128889","last_page":"128904"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8380714058876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.7078984975814819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5960694551467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.5628927946090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.533860981464386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.45006242394447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4405588209629059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-type","display_name":"Data type","score":0.4367043972015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream-mining","display_name":"Data stream mining","score":0.41846156120300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2628248333930969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.25788700580596924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8380714058876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.7078984975814819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5960694551467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.5628927946090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.533860981464386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45006242394447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4405588209629059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.4367043972015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.41846156120300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2628248333930969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.25788700580596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3112880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3112880","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09537765.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elartu.tntu.edu.ua:lib/41263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/41263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401453","display_name":"ELARTU (Ternopil National Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I92130990","host_organization_name":"Ternopil Ivan Pul'uj National Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92130990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Abstract"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3caab36b907a45048bc230bbf5cbcd64","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3caab36b907a45048bc230bbf5cbcd64","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 128889-128904 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3112880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3112880","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09537765.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200866045.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200866045.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W208654116","https://openalex.org/W586884476","https://openalex.org/W771358154","https://openalex.org/W1061391235","https://openalex.org/W1203494617","https://openalex.org/W1485347932","https://openalex.org/W1512840853","https://openalex.org/W2032069936","https://openalex.org/W2041106018","https://openalex.org/W2048130623","https://openalex.org/W2055959515","https://openalex.org/W2076088006","https://openalex.org/W2084568010","https://openalex.org/W2089247150","https://openalex.org/W2114507260","https://openalex.org/W2158459778","https://openalex.org/W2159128662","https://openalex.org/W2161374186","https://openalex.org/W2185531550","https://openalex.org/W2290480557","https://openalex.org/W2290939313","https://openalex.org/W2296136888","https://openalex.org/W2314654967","https://openalex.org/W2320763633","https://openalex.org/W2502658919","https://openalex.org/W2511443071","https://openalex.org/W2522691827","https://openalex.org/W2528555179","https://openalex.org/W2532521045","https://openalex.org/W2538875704","https://openalex.org/W2546435473","https://openalex.org/W2587409547","https://openalex.org/W2589749558","https://openalex.org/W2600197702","https://openalex.org/W2614579599","https://openalex.org/W2622411934","https://openalex.org/W2772466107","https://openalex.org/W2793252126","https://openalex.org/W2801253441","https://openalex.org/W2804813837","https://openalex.org/W2896718817","https://openalex.org/W2902997364","https://openalex.org/W2905011183","https://openalex.org/W2908861019","https://openalex.org/W2943981449","https://openalex.org/W2944600096","https://openalex.org/W2970186360","https://openalex.org/W2974213720","https://openalex.org/W2992058379","https://openalex.org/W2993665848","https://openalex.org/W2996378145","https://openalex.org/W2996469977","https://openalex.org/W3023210483","https://openalex.org/W3038511590","https://openalex.org/W3081364195","https://openalex.org/W3101858276","https://openalex.org/W3159400368","https://openalex.org/W3177762090","https://openalex.org/W4236669468","https://openalex.org/W4239017244","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6617466450","https://openalex.org/W6627897969","https://openalex.org/W6699105750","https://openalex.org/W6738199249","https://openalex.org/W6770853795","https://openalex.org/W6777579995","https://openalex.org/W6891815528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390608645","https://openalex.org/W4247566972","https://openalex.org/W2960264696","https://openalex.org/W3090563135","https://openalex.org/W2497432351","https://openalex.org/W4206777497","https://openalex.org/W4233347783","https://openalex.org/W2910064364","https://openalex.org/W4255224757","https://openalex.org/W2502153165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"data":[1,20,60,86,95,109,130,171,215],"are":[2],"generated":[3,19],"in":[4,30,138,151,197],"a":[5,133,200],"continuous":[6],"streaming":[7],"manner":[8],"as":[9,73,104],"the":[10,64,74,84,105,127,149,173,183,194],"inputs":[11],"of":[12,17,33,37,59,66,81,91,108,129,154,170,214],"various":[13,31,152,198],"applications.":[14],"The":[15,51,78],"sources":[16],"such":[18],"can":[21],"be":[22],"wired":[23],"or":[24],"wireless":[25],"sensor":[26],"networks":[27],"commonly":[28],"used":[29],"fields":[32],"geographical,":[34],"traffic,":[35],"Internet":[36],"Things":[38],"(IoT),":[39],"financial":[40],"tickers,":[41],"Web2":[42],"and":[43,48,56,99,135,142,158,179,182,208,212],"Web3,":[44],"e-commerce,":[45],"social":[46],"networks,":[47],"online":[49],"communities.":[50],"high":[52,54,57],"volume,":[53],"variety,":[55],"velocity":[58],"have":[61,165],"recently":[62],"posed":[63],"challenge":[65],"3Vs":[67,79],"to":[68,185,190,206],"this":[69,162],"field,":[70],"also":[71,148],"known":[72],"Big":[75],"Data":[76,102],"Problem.":[77],"dimensions":[80],"complexities":[82],"for":[83],"big":[85,144],"entails":[87],"high-speed":[88],"storage,":[89],"scalability":[90],"database":[92],"systems,":[93],"suitable":[94],"models,":[96,172],"real-time":[97],"responsiveness":[98],"so":[100,159],"on.":[101,125],"model,":[103],"representation":[106],"schema":[107],"is":[110,132,147,204],"an":[111],"essential":[112],"issue":[113],"since":[114],"many":[115],"others":[116],"(e.g.,":[117],"DBMS":[118],"systems\u2019":[119],"design,":[120],"DB":[121],"languages,":[122],"etc.)":[123],"rely":[124],"So,":[126],"study":[128],"models":[131],"key":[134],"fundamental":[136],"aspect":[137],"structuring,":[139],"organizing,":[140],"storing,":[141],"manipulating":[143],"data.":[145],"It":[146],"essence":[150],"areas":[153],"cloud":[155],"migration,":[156],"web-scale,":[157],"forth.":[160],"In":[161],"paper,":[163],"we":[164],"systematically":[166],"reviewed":[167],"different":[168,210],"types":[169,211],"rationale":[174],"behind":[175],"them,":[176],"their":[177],"applications":[178],"support":[180],"capabilities,":[181],"technologies":[184],"switch":[186],"from":[187],"one":[188],"model":[189],"another.":[191],"To":[192],"address":[193],"user":[195],"needs":[196],"fields,":[199],"systematic":[201],"review":[202],"method":[203],"adopted":[205],"classify":[207],"present":[209],"characteristics":[213],"models.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
