{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201058350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3111908","title":"Learning Augmentation for GNNs With Consistency Regularization","display_name":"Learning Augmentation for GNNs With Consistency Regularization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201058350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3111908","mag":"3201058350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3111908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3111908","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09535521.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09535521.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048644622","display_name":"Hyeonjin Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3943-8790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyeonjin Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428037","display_name":"Seunghun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9377-2832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunghun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051115125","display_name":"Dasol Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8584-3706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dasol Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031027762","display_name":"Jisu Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3614-4199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60922564","display_name":"Naver (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04nzrnx83","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60922564"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jisu Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naver AI Laboratory, Seongnam, Republic of Korea","Naver AI LAB, 13561, Republic of Korea and Naver CLOVA, 13561, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naver AI Laboratory, Seongnam, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60922564"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naver AI LAB, 13561, Republic of Korea and Naver CLOVA, 13561, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073271199","display_name":"Kyung-Min Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-2198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60922564","display_name":"Naver (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04nzrnx83","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60922564"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyung-Min Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naver AI Laboratory, Seongnam, Republic of Korea","Naver AI LAB, 13561, Republic of Korea and Naver CLOVA, 13561, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naver AI Laboratory, Seongnam, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60922564"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naver AI LAB, 13561, Republic of Korea and Naver CLOVA, 13561, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074393185","display_name":"Jung-Woo Ha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-7681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60922564","display_name":"Naver (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04nzrnx83","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60922564"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung-Woo Ha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naver AI Laboratory, Seongnam, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naver AI Laboratory, Seongnam, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60922564"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084814930","display_name":"Hyunwoo J. Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2181-9264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunwoo J. Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048644622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4079,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69008935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"127961","last_page":"127972"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.798362135887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5859197974205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5630302429199219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.55543053150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.528535783290863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5176485180854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5149253606796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.49443554878234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.45137184858322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.4415213167667389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.25515857338905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10328009724617004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.798362135887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5859197974205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5630302429199219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.55543053150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.528535783290863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5176485180854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5149253606796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49443554878234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.45137184858322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.4415213167667389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.25515857338905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10328009724617004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3111908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3111908","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09535521.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c520d7cea1e74589b27eb9a7cd46ef8c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c520d7cea1e74589b27eb9a7cd46ef8c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 127961-127972 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3111908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3111908","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09535521.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201058350.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201058350.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":125,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1662382123","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2129068307","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2242818861","https://openalex.org/W2393319904","https://openalex.org/W2431080869","https://openalex.org/W2530816535","https://openalex.org/W2552391307","https://openalex.org/W2554952599","https://openalex.org/W2592691248","https://openalex.org/W2594183968","https://openalex.org/W2604314403","https://openalex.org/W2607500032","https://openalex.org/W2811124557","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2911286998","https://openalex.org/W2916106175","https://openalex.org/W2918342466","https://openalex.org/W2945623882","https://openalex.org/W2946822591","https://openalex.org/W2949736877","https://openalex.org/W2951659295","https://openalex.org/W2951970475","https://openalex.org/W2952217990","https://openalex.org/W2952915411","https://openalex.org/W2953070460","https://openalex.org/W2962369866","https://openalex.org/W2962711740","https://openalex.org/W2962767366","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963435192","https://openalex.org/W2963460103","https://openalex.org/W2963757395","https://openalex.org/W2963858333","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964113829","https://openalex.org/W2964124573","https://openalex.org/W2964311892","https://openalex.org/W2964321699","https://openalex.org/W2970395278","https://openalex.org/W2970903810","https://openalex.org/W2971167006","https://openalex.org/W2972699843","https://openalex.org/W2976016473","https://openalex.org/W2978426779","https://openalex.org/W2984323660","https://openalex.org/W2991847337","https://openalex.org/W2994964801","https://openalex.org/W2994972767","https://openalex.org/W2995509042","https://openalex.org/W2996268457","https://openalex.org/W2996623013","https://openalex.org/W2997079913","https://openalex.org/W2998496395","https://openalex.org/W3001411605","https://openalex.org/W3005644236","https://openalex.org/W3009705522","https://openalex.org/W3015606043","https://openalex.org/W3024183470","https://openalex.org/W3042563449","https://openalex.org/W3044860086","https://openalex.org/W3047916742","https://openalex.org/W3094614513","https://openalex.org/W3095602948","https://openalex.org/W3098797593","https://openalex.org/W3100807776","https://openalex.org/W3102419180","https://openalex.org/W3106031848","https://openalex.org/W3156971038","https://openalex.org/W3160872503","https://openalex.org/W3163842339","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4287991470","https://openalex.org/W4288419263","https://openalex.org/W4293651439","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4322614756","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637178625","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6678975374","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6685350579","https://openalex.org/W6690026940","https://openalex.org/W6717772578","https://openalex.org/W6720006811","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6729508183","https://openalex.org/W6730084236","https://openalex.org/W6733814495","https://openalex.org/W6735632219","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6744557953","https://openalex.org/W6748856961","https://openalex.org/W6753331806","https://openalex.org/W6754929296","https://openalex.org/W6756040250","https://openalex.org/W6760001035","https://openalex.org/W6760045743","https://openalex.org/W6762334975","https://openalex.org/W6762619590","https://openalex.org/W6762913911","https://openalex.org/W6764051988","https://openalex.org/W6765939562","https://openalex.org/W6766891640","https://openalex.org/W6768312477","https://openalex.org/W6768533090","https://openalex.org/W6770455782","https://openalex.org/W6771621015","https://openalex.org/W6771800978","https://openalex.org/W6771888125","https://openalex.org/W6771932116","https://openalex.org/W6772329248","https://openalex.org/W6772384842","https://openalex.org/W6774321293","https://openalex.org/W6776331362","https://openalex.org/W6779490673","https://openalex.org/W6780721981","https://openalex.org/W6784694379","https://openalex.org/W6784998633","https://openalex.org/W6785047251"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W4391621807","https://openalex.org/W2048963458","https://openalex.org/W43109613","https://openalex.org/W2359952343","https://openalex.org/W2239445980","https://openalex.org/W2080152487","https://openalex.org/W3083152911","https://openalex.org/W2237505347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graph":[0,125],"neural":[1,112],"networks":[2,113],"(GNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"demonstrated":[5],"superior":[6],"performance":[7,109],"in":[8],"various":[9],"tasks":[10],"on":[11,57,68,114,129],"graphs.":[12],"However,":[13],"existing":[14],"GNNs":[15,87,104],"often":[16],"suffer":[17],"from":[18],"weak-generalization":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,33,53,102],"sparsely":[22],"labeled":[23,59],"datasets.":[24,134],"Here":[25],"we":[26],"propose":[27],"a":[28,76,89],"novel":[29],"framework":[30,49,81,99],"that":[31,96],"learns":[32,50],"augment":[34],"the":[35,44,51,63,84,97,108],"input":[36],"features":[37],"using":[38],"topological":[39],"information":[40],"and":[41,79,86,105],"automatically":[42],"controls":[43],"strength":[45],"of":[46,65,110],"augmentation.":[47],"Our":[48,92],"augmentor":[52,85],"minimize":[54],"GNNs\u2019":[55,66],"loss":[56],"unseen":[58],"data":[60],"while":[61],"maximizing":[62],"consistency":[64],"predictions":[67],"unlabeled":[69],"data.":[70],"This":[71],"can":[72],"be":[73],"formulated":[74],"as":[75],"meta-learning":[77],"problem":[78],"our":[80,119],"alternately":[82],"optimizes":[83],"for":[88],"target":[90],"task.":[91],"extensive":[93],"experiments":[94],"demonstrate":[95],"proposed":[98],"is":[100],"applicable":[101],"any":[103],"significantly":[106],"improves":[107],"graph":[111],"node":[115],"classification.":[116],"In":[117],"particular,":[118],"method":[120],"provides":[121],"5.78%":[122],"improvement":[123],"with":[124],"convolutional":[126],"network":[127],"(GCN)":[128],"average":[130],"across":[131],"five":[132],"benchmark":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
