{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198414418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110911","title":"Next-Generation Neural Networks: Capsule Networks With Routing-by-Agreement for Text Classification","display_name":"Next-Generation Neural Networks: Capsule Networks With Routing-by-Agreement for Text Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198414418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110911","mag":"3198414418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110911","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09530541.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09530541.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012874345","display_name":"Nikolai A. K. Steur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8182-6781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikolai A. K. Steur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm 89081 Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm 89081 Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078096723","display_name":"Friedhelm Schwenker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5118-0812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163522","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/05e5kd476","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163522"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friedhelm Schwenker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm 89081 Germany. (e-mail: friedhelm.schwenker@uni-ulm.de)","Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm 89081 Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm 89081 Germany. (e-mail: friedhelm.schwenker@uni-ulm.de)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391","https://openalex.org/I4210163522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm 89081 Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012874345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1781,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1920},"fwci":2.0396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89100782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"125269","last_page":"125299"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8129453659057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6420726776123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6332359313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.562791645526886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5394137501716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5069475173950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42715588212013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4153587222099304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3689177632331848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.09498882293701172}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8129453659057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6420726776123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6332359313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.562791645526886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5394137501716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5069475173950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42715588212013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4153587222099304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3689177632331848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.09498882293701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110911","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09530541.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db63bbe9d0864423a96b26815d332372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db63bbe9d0864423a96b26815d332372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 125269-125299 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oparu.uni-ulm.de:123456789/39369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-oparu-39369-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400353","display_name":"OPen Access Repositorium der Universit\u00e4t Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.18725/oparu-39293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18725/oparu-39293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052964","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz)","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110911","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09530541.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5533162245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SCHW 623/7-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325530","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198414418.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198414418.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966661","https://openalex.org/W142212369","https://openalex.org/W1493526108","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1532325895","https://openalex.org/W1550206324","https://openalex.org/W1555092484","https://openalex.org/W1593251576","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W1997452128","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2054837316","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2113459411","https://openalex.org/W2114524997","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2141599568","https://openalex.org/W2144211451","https://openalex.org/W2149684865","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2170973209","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2407776548","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2542192908","https://openalex.org/W2785994986","https://openalex.org/W2788347302","https://openalex.org/W2884745705","https://openalex.org/W2885141472","https://openalex.org/W2890771286","https://openalex.org/W2896342044","https://openalex.org/W2912581136","https://openalex.org/W2912939098","https://openalex.org/W2945936518","https://openalex.org/W2949448715","https://openalex.org/W2950404230","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2952729433","https://openalex.org/W2952861497","https://openalex.org/W2962853356","https://openalex.org/W2962863107","https://openalex.org/W2963012544","https://openalex.org/W2963153906","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963416784","https://openalex.org/W2963626623","https://openalex.org/W2963703618","https://openalex.org/W2963840672","https://openalex.org/W2964046515","https://openalex.org/W2964279602","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2965833086","https://openalex.org/W2977540023","https://openalex.org/W2980888783","https://openalex.org/W2994261280","https://openalex.org/W3003259175","https://openalex.org/W3029844785","https://openalex.org/W3034265065","https://openalex.org/W3035652936","https://openalex.org/W3042780833","https://openalex.org/W3091038572","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4231934124","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4309088715","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6632865047","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6677656871","https://openalex.org/W6678914141","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6680890276","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6685158001","https://openalex.org/W6694517276","https://openalex.org/W6696085341","https://openalex.org/W6713582272","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6748053814","https://openalex.org/W6753255307","https://openalex.org/W6753562260","https://openalex.org/W6755269281","https://openalex.org/W6758686712","https://openalex.org/W6780226713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W2560201613","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W2022352247","https://openalex.org/W2140798747","https://openalex.org/W2488129135","https://openalex.org/W4312219546","https://openalex.org/W2948169060","https://openalex.org/W2377538627"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"These":[0],"days,":[1],"neural":[2,24,58,219],"networks":[3,25,59],"constantly":[4],"prove":[5,192],"their":[6],"high":[7,224],"capacity":[8],"for":[9,20,30,96,106,120,157,162,199],"nearly":[10],"every":[11],"application":[12,108],"case":[13],"and":[14,49,78,103,137,182,207,230],"are":[15],"considered":[16],"as":[17,83,152,159,161,216,226],"key":[18],"technology":[19,134],"learning":[21],"systems.":[22],"However,":[23],"need":[26],"to":[27,113,115,164],"continuously":[28],"evolve":[29],"managing":[31],"new":[32],"arising":[33],"challenges":[34],"like":[35],"increasing":[36],"task":[37,122],"complexity,":[38],"explainability":[39],"of":[40,56,71,118,123,143,185,195,203,234],"decision":[41],"making":[42],"processes,":[43],"expanded":[44],"problem":[45],"domains,":[46],"providing":[47],"resilient":[48],"robust":[50],"systems":[51],"etc.":[52],"One":[53],"possible":[54,154],"enhancement":[55],"traditional":[57],"constitutes":[60],"the":[61,69,116,121,141,169,183,193],"innovative":[62],"Capsule":[63],"Network":[64],"(CapsNet)":[65],"technology,":[66,221],"which":[67,222],"combines":[68],"expressiveness":[70],"distributed":[72],"entity":[73],"representations":[74],"with":[75,140,166,197],"an":[76],"intelligent":[77],"interpretable":[79],"signal":[80],"propagation,":[81],"named":[82],"routing-by-agreement.":[84],"Since":[85],"CapsNets":[86,119,167,196,212],"represent":[87],"a":[88,153,174,200,217],"relatively":[89],"young":[90],"acquirement,":[91],"further":[92],"research":[93,130],"is":[94],"essential":[95],"gaining":[97],"profound":[98],"knowledge":[99],"about":[100,132,176],"CapsNet":[101],"theory":[102],"best":[104],"practices":[105],"diverse":[107],"areas.":[109,187],"This":[110],"paper":[111,150],"wants":[112],"contribute":[114],"progress":[117],"text":[124,170,179,208,227],"classification.":[125],"For":[126],"this":[127,133,149],"purpose,":[128],"various":[129],"questions":[131],"get":[135],"formulated":[136],"experimentally":[138],"answered":[139],"aid":[142],"six":[144],"selected":[145],"datasets.":[146],"In":[147],"addition,":[148],"serves":[151],"starting":[155],"point":[156],"researchers":[158],"well":[160],"practitioners":[163],"deal":[165],"in":[168],"domain,":[171],"by":[172],"supplying":[173],"survey":[175],"its":[177],"theory,":[178],"classification":[180,209,228],"basics":[181],"combination":[184],"both":[186],"The":[188],"analysis":[189],"results":[190],"empirically":[191],"robustness":[194],"routing-by-agreement":[198],"wide":[201],"spectrum":[202],"net":[204],"architectures,":[205],"datasets":[206],"tasks.":[210],"Hence,":[211],"can":[213],"be":[214,232],"viewed":[215],"next-generation":[218],"network":[220],"offers":[223],"potential":[225],"method":[229],"should":[231],"topic":[233],"future":[235],"research.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
