{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198064290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110762","title":"Privacy Preservation of User Identity in Contact Tracing for COVID-19-Like Pandemics Using Edge Computing","display_name":"Privacy Preservation of User Identity in Contact Tracing for COVID-19-Like Pandemics Using Edge Computing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198064290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110762","mag":"3198064290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110762","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030837918","display_name":"Mohammed Alsahli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Abdullah Alsahli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7301-4962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015615046","display_name":"Ahmed Alsanad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1702-8643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Alsanad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, STC\u2019s Artificial Intelligence Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, STC's Artificial Intelligence Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1702-8643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, STC\u2019s Artificial Intelligence Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, STC's Artificial Intelligence Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085933596","display_name":"Mohammad Mehedi Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3479-3606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Mehedi Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3479-3606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043393776","display_name":"Abdu Gumaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8512-9687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36197038","display_name":"Taiz University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jwcxq96","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36197038"]}],"countries":["SA","YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdu Gumaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen","Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, STC\u2019s Artificial Intelligence Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, STC's Artificial Intelligence Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8512-9687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36197038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, STC\u2019s Artificial Intelligence Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, STC's Artificial Intelligence Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030837918"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.4128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93330033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"125065","last_page":"125079"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.8355492353439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6565019488334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6479544043540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6109575033187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6025588512420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5130435228347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.47795963287353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4433923661708832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4256448745727539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.24414312839508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1996532380580902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17390045523643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.1157524585723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11520695686340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10342678427696228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.8355492353439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6565019488334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6479544043540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6109575033187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6025588512420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5130435228347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.47795963287353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4433923661708832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4256448745727539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.24414312839508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1996532380580902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17390045523643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.1157524585723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11520695686340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10342678427696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36f87ea8339c431daa77cf073f464283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36f87ea8339c431daa77cf073f464283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 125065-125079 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972383439","https://openalex.org/W1979397446","https://openalex.org/W1996360405","https://openalex.org/W2056099711","https://openalex.org/W2769686021","https://openalex.org/W2995625611","https://openalex.org/W3001281103","https://openalex.org/W3006533361","https://openalex.org/W3008169821","https://openalex.org/W3014087777","https://openalex.org/W3015061143","https://openalex.org/W3022035866","https://openalex.org/W3023633122","https://openalex.org/W3025818308","https://openalex.org/W3026826685","https://openalex.org/W3027138609","https://openalex.org/W3028836119","https://openalex.org/W3033417100","https://openalex.org/W3035842971","https://openalex.org/W3036172617","https://openalex.org/W3036422000","https://openalex.org/W3039199030","https://openalex.org/W3044291497","https://openalex.org/W3045145144","https://openalex.org/W3046176010","https://openalex.org/W3049014197","https://openalex.org/W3080468264","https://openalex.org/W3080824426","https://openalex.org/W3083008070","https://openalex.org/W3083894623","https://openalex.org/W3086695025","https://openalex.org/W3087284811","https://openalex.org/W3088123725","https://openalex.org/W3088995331","https://openalex.org/W3094907137","https://openalex.org/W3098663026","https://openalex.org/W3100176570","https://openalex.org/W3100769328","https://openalex.org/W3104773251","https://openalex.org/W3108908728","https://openalex.org/W3111039031","https://openalex.org/W3115950144","https://openalex.org/W3119925017","https://openalex.org/W3124995269","https://openalex.org/W3125571220","https://openalex.org/W3126870142","https://openalex.org/W3126883647","https://openalex.org/W3129048437","https://openalex.org/W3130374056","https://openalex.org/W3133548226","https://openalex.org/W3133607236","https://openalex.org/W3136653234","https://openalex.org/W3138470817","https://openalex.org/W3156280628","https://openalex.org/W3159707072","https://openalex.org/W3161137230","https://openalex.org/W3163755028","https://openalex.org/W3167088745","https://openalex.org/W3174111631","https://openalex.org/W3213386062","https://openalex.org/W4206380666","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4287754955","https://openalex.org/W6776482163","https://openalex.org/W6776907071","https://openalex.org/W6777659174","https://openalex.org/W6779218843","https://openalex.org/W6785358756","https://openalex.org/W6785909566","https://openalex.org/W6787221203","https://openalex.org/W6788118696","https://openalex.org/W6795125137","https://openalex.org/W6797101209"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158100496","https://openalex.org/W3130225502","https://openalex.org/W2170160357","https://openalex.org/W4399915950","https://openalex.org/W2012140923","https://openalex.org/W4287554683","https://openalex.org/W3154796165","https://openalex.org/W4324372666","https://openalex.org/W4225706866","https://openalex.org/W2914646191"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pandemic":[0],"and":[1,10,24,41,52,102,151,156,182,248],"infectious":[2],"disease":[3],"outbreaks":[4],"put":[5],"pressure":[6],"on":[7],"health":[8,83,96,122,186],"authorities":[9,31,84,97,123,187],"require":[11],"lockdowns.":[12],"These":[13],"outbreaks,":[14],"which":[15],"strain":[16],"limited":[17],"healthcare":[18,30],"resources,":[19],"must":[20],"be":[21],"swiftly":[22],"controlled":[23],"monitored.":[25],"A":[26],"large":[27],"number":[28],"of":[29,172,191,197],"are":[32,131],"currently":[33],"investigating":[34],"automated":[35,66,93],"systems":[36,47],"to":[37,70,85,109,120,133,142,158,188,213,219,244],"support":[38],"outbreak":[39],"monitoring":[40],"control.":[42],"However,":[43],"current":[44],"contact":[45,67,135,161,173,217],"tracing":[46,68,162,174,218],"face":[48],"many":[49],"privacy,":[50],"participation,":[51],"power":[53,208],"constraints.":[54],"Furthermore,":[55],"elderly":[56],"or":[57,130,199,238],"less":[58],"financially":[59],"able":[60],"individuals":[61,89],"often":[62],"cannot":[63],"participate":[64,159],"in":[65,91,98,124,147,160],"due":[69],"not":[71],"owning":[72],"a":[73,78],"smartphone.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"proposes":[77],"new":[79],"system":[80,116,204,227],"that":[81,232],"enables":[82],"track":[86],"exposure":[87,192],"among":[88],"participating":[90],"the":[92,104,195,202,206,226],"system,":[94],"aid":[95],"interviewing":[99],"non-participating":[100],"individuals,":[101],"minimize":[103],"processing":[105],"required":[106],"by":[107,215,241],"offloading":[108],"nearby":[110,220],"edge":[111,118,221,236],"computing":[112,138,166,222],"devices.":[113,223],"The":[114],"proposed":[115,203],"utilizes":[117],"servers":[119,240],"assist":[121],"tracking":[125],"users":[126,190,211],"who":[127],"withdraw":[128],"from":[129],"unable":[132],"use":[134],"tracing.":[136],"Edge":[137,165],"devices":[139,167],"have":[140],"access":[141],"more":[143],"contextual":[144],"information,":[145],"resulting":[146],"minimal":[148],"data":[149,170,175,229],"collection":[150,171],"thus":[152],"enabling":[153],"businesses,":[154],"houses,":[155],"offices":[157],"as":[163],"locations.":[164],"enable":[168],"location-based":[169],"using":[176],"proximity-based":[177],"sensors":[178],"for":[179,209],"offices,":[180],"homes,":[181],"shops,":[183],"thereby":[184],"assisting":[185],"notify":[189],"without":[193],"disclosing":[194],"identities":[196],"businesses":[198],"individuals.":[200],"Moreover,":[201],"reduces":[205],"overall":[207],"end":[210],"up":[212],"97%":[214],"delegating":[216],"In":[224],"addition,":[225],"mitigates":[228],"poisoning":[230],"attacks":[231],"target":[233],"individuals'":[234],"smartphones,":[235],"devices,":[237],"cloud":[239],"utilizing":[242],"blockchain":[243],"store":[245],"contacts,":[246],"delegations,":[247],"identities.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}