{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197791151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110644","title":"Real-Time Eye Tracking for Bare and Sunglasses-Wearing Faces for Augmented Reality 3D Head-Up Displays","display_name":"Real-Time Eye Tracking for Bare and Sunglasses-Wearing Faces for Augmented Reality 3D Head-Up Displays","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197791151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110644","mag":"3197791151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110644","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09530401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09530401.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000718330","display_name":"Dongwoo Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-703X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dongwoo Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017116858","display_name":"Lin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7331-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAIT China Lab, SRC-Beijing, Samsung Electronics, Beijing, China","SAIT China Lab, SRC-Beijing, Samsung Electronics, Beijing 100007, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAIT China Lab, SRC-Beijing, Samsung Electronics, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAIT China Lab, SRC-Beijing, Samsung Electronics, Beijing 100007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000718330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0658,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79312524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"125508","last_page":"125522"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7778036594390869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7729023098945618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7564088702201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6510032415390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyewear","display_name":"Eyewear","score":0.5553615093231201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.552337646484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.4909842312335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13891667127609253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7778036594390869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7729023098945618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7564088702201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6510032415390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780527195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422874","display_name":"Eyewear","level":2,"score":0.5553615093231201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.552337646484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.4909842312335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13891667127609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110644","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09530401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a55308b6cd0f498a98c48f2bd1dc1fbb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a55308b6cd0f498a98c48f2bd1dc1fbb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 125508-125522 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3110644","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09530401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5351113722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Hongik","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321237","funder_display_name":"Hongik University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321237","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197791151.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197791151.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1825459403","https://openalex.org/W1960706641","https://openalex.org/W1976948919","https://openalex.org/W1990937109","https://openalex.org/W2012885984","https://openalex.org/W2018938123","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2058961190","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2111372597","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2400361882","https://openalex.org/W2474575620","https://openalex.org/W2606205343","https://openalex.org/W2607909683","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2736671157","https://openalex.org/W2740020909","https://openalex.org/W2743191418","https://openalex.org/W2770121394","https://openalex.org/W2883093478","https://openalex.org/W2900376989","https://openalex.org/W2915352401","https://openalex.org/W2961216841","https://openalex.org/W2962925415","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963674932","https://openalex.org/W2963709863","https://openalex.org/W2963789946","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W2975766909","https://openalex.org/W2981907288","https://openalex.org/W2982772166","https://openalex.org/W2985243484","https://openalex.org/W3033353262","https://openalex.org/W3034384783","https://openalex.org/W3044672725","https://openalex.org/W3046843528","https://openalex.org/W3080225981","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3114547504","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4288558691","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6641044740","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6736821236","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6759845760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133527807","https://openalex.org/W2294000795","https://openalex.org/W2972340384","https://openalex.org/W2972915848","https://openalex.org/W3014431668","https://openalex.org/W2895531758","https://openalex.org/W3016294780","https://openalex.org/W2087037288","https://openalex.org/W2583524688","https://openalex.org/W3117454486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eye":[0],"pupil":[1,73,112],"tracking":[2,18],"is":[3,19,161],"important":[4],"for":[5,41,111,187,226],"augmented":[6],"reality":[7],"(AR)":[8],"three-dimensional":[9],"(3D)":[10],"head-up":[11],"displays":[12],"(HUDs).":[13],"Accurate":[14],"and":[15,58,134,148,166,179,183,189,208],"fast":[16],"eye":[17,28,69,98,125,152,159],"still":[20],"challenging":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,123,210],"multiple":[24,212],"driving":[25,48],"conditions":[26],"with":[27,104,219,228],"occlusions,":[29],"such":[30,130],"as":[31,131],"wearing":[32],"sunglasses.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37,116],"propose":[38,117],"a":[39,76,81,105,118,164,167,199],"system":[40,51],"commercial":[42],"use":[43],"that":[44,173],"can":[45],"handle":[46],"practical":[47],"conditions.":[49,214],"Our":[50,215],"classifies":[52],"human":[53],"faces":[54,57],"into":[55],"bare":[56,66,188],"sunglasses":[59,90,190],"faces,":[60,67,91,191],"which":[61],"are":[62,95],"treated":[63],"differently.":[64],"For":[65,89],"our":[68,97,174],"tracker":[70,99,160],"regresses":[71],"the":[72,93,132,141,150],"area":[74],"in":[75],"coarse-to-fine":[77],"manner":[78],"based":[79,86],"on":[80,198],"revised":[82,106],"Supervised":[83],"Descent":[84],"Method":[85],"eye-nose":[87],"alignment.":[88],"because":[92],"eyes":[94],"occluded,":[96],"uses":[100],"whole":[101],"face":[102],"alignment":[103],"Practical":[107],"Facial":[108],"Landmark":[109],"Detector":[110],"center":[113],"tracking.":[114],"Furthermore,":[115],"structural":[119],"inference-based":[120],"re-weight":[121,138],"network":[122],"predict":[124],"position":[126],"from":[127],"non-occluded":[128,155],"areas,":[129],"nose":[133],"mouth.":[135],"The":[136,157,202],"proposed":[137,158,216],"sub-network":[139],"revises":[140],"importance":[142],"of":[143],"different":[144],"feature":[145],"map":[146],"positions":[147,153],"predicts":[149],"occluded":[151],"by":[154],"parts.":[156],"robust":[162],"via":[163],"tracker-checker":[165],"small":[168],"model":[169],"size.":[170],"Experiments":[171],"show":[172],"method":[175],"achieves":[176],"high":[177],"accuracy":[178],"speed,":[180],"approximately":[181],"1.5":[182],"6.5":[184],"mm":[185],"error":[186],"respectively,":[192],"at":[193],"less":[194],"than":[195],"10":[196],"ms":[197],"2.0GHz":[200],"CPU.":[201],"evaluation":[203],"dataset":[204],"was":[205],"captured":[206],"indoors":[207],"outdoors":[209],"reflect":[211],"sunlight":[213],"method,":[217],"combined":[218],"AR":[220],"3D":[221,231],"HUDs,":[222],"shows":[223],"promising":[224],"results":[225],"commercialization":[227],"low":[229],"crosstalk":[230],"images.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}