{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198371937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109235","title":"Analysis of Swarm Intelligence Based ANN Algorithms for Attacking PUFs","display_name":"Analysis of Swarm Intelligence Based ANN Algorithms for Attacking PUFs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198371937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109235","mag":"3198371937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3109235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109235","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09526634.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09526634.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050396097","display_name":"Ahmed Oun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6069-9261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Oun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA. (e-mail: ahmed.oun@rockets.utoledo.edu)","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6069-9261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA. (e-mail: ahmed.oun@rockets.utoledo.edu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004852028","display_name":"Noor Ahmad Hazari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor Ahmad Hazari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014613583","display_name":"Mohammed Niamat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1896-1569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Y. Niamat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1896-1569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0426,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86926421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"121743","last_page":"121758"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.7373380661010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.6969516277313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6563550233840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6388163566589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.5776572823524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-intelligence","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","score":0.5627588033676147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5196858048439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.47392162680625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.4712394177913666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43635112047195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuckoo-search","display_name":"Cuckoo search","score":0.43552517890930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","score":0.425048828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41286903619766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1917722225189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.12297624349594116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.7373380661010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.6969516277313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6563550233840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6388163566589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.5776572823524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119487961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863960","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","level":3,"score":0.5627588033676147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5196858048439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.47392162680625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.4712394177913666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43635112047195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117241572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5192379","display_name":"Cuckoo search","level":3,"score":0.43552517890930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351438","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.425048828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41286903619766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1917722225189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.12297624349594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3109235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109235","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09526634.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:65bbd168ac8647c99f32a02ba8837a43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/65bbd168ac8647c99f32a02ba8837a43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 121743-121758 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3109235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109235","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09526634.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198371937.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198371937.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136869864","https://openalex.org/W203050224","https://openalex.org/W1573676079","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1680392829","https://openalex.org/W1680600764","https://openalex.org/W1974758710","https://openalex.org/W1976744965","https://openalex.org/W1976955200","https://openalex.org/W1978567019","https://openalex.org/W1984762043","https://openalex.org/W2000171858","https://openalex.org/W2000677756","https://openalex.org/W2003124575","https://openalex.org/W2006694777","https://openalex.org/W2009543464","https://openalex.org/W2041435997","https://openalex.org/W2041629655","https://openalex.org/W2044389004","https://openalex.org/W2056378733","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2072955302","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2091911576","https://openalex.org/W2094192676","https://openalex.org/W2095595785","https://openalex.org/W2096158223","https://openalex.org/W2096166399","https://openalex.org/W2099101940","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2121044470","https://openalex.org/W2122464180","https://openalex.org/W2123482651","https://openalex.org/W2126460857","https://openalex.org/W2138537392","https://openalex.org/W2145113795","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2168397904","https://openalex.org/W2270946380","https://openalex.org/W2477020977","https://openalex.org/W2500651746","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2563847778","https://openalex.org/W2757094238","https://openalex.org/W2758487470","https://openalex.org/W2760643383","https://openalex.org/W2786271989","https://openalex.org/W2798054415","https://openalex.org/W2890190333","https://openalex.org/W2904250082","https://openalex.org/W2904259375","https://openalex.org/W2909319943","https://openalex.org/W2946062220","https://openalex.org/W2982530484","https://openalex.org/W2997932026","https://openalex.org/W3003167659","https://openalex.org/W3010271784","https://openalex.org/W3091059152","https://openalex.org/W4235696082","https://openalex.org/W4250503569","https://openalex.org/W4252980856","https://openalex.org/W4292083457","https://openalex.org/W6608355484","https://openalex.org/W6637386731","https://openalex.org/W6645104229","https://openalex.org/W6664196189","https://openalex.org/W6674043929","https://openalex.org/W6674437502","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6678046657","https://openalex.org/W6678230397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308079021","https://openalex.org/W1527337688","https://openalex.org/W2026486063","https://openalex.org/W2048054807","https://openalex.org/W2746377055","https://openalex.org/W4386001959","https://openalex.org/W2594296178","https://openalex.org/W4304182880","https://openalex.org/W3089846858","https://openalex.org/W2159541481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"Unclonable":[1],"Functions":[2],"(PUFs)":[3],"are":[4,24,62,99,103,146,187],"used":[5,63],"for":[6,168,173],"authentication":[7],"and":[8,93,127,153,179,201],"generation":[9],"of":[10,34,110,163,205],"secure":[11],"cryptographic":[12],"keys.":[13],"However,":[14,172],"recent":[15],"research":[16],"work":[17],"has":[18],"shown":[19],"that":[20,139],"PUFs,":[21],"in":[22,202],"general,":[23],"vulnerable":[25,147],"to":[26,68,72,148,165,190,208],"machine":[27,47,192],"learning":[28,48,193],"modeling":[29,60],"attacks.":[30,74],"From":[31,132],"a":[32],"subset":[33],"Challenge-Response":[35],"Pairs":[36],"(CRPs),":[37],"the":[38,76,80,94,133,140,169,174,180,195,203],"remaining":[39],"CRPs":[40],"can":[41,136,156],"be":[42,137,157],"effectively":[43],"predicted":[44,158],"using":[45,57],"different":[46,65,108,170],"algorithms.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"work,":[52],"Artificial":[53],"Neural":[54],"Networks":[55],"(ANNs)":[56],"swarm":[58,77,150],"intelligence-based":[59,151],"attacks":[61,102],"against":[64],"silicon-based":[66],"PUFs":[67,143],"test":[69],"their":[70,154],"resiliency":[71],"these":[73],"Amongst":[75],"intelligence":[78],"algorithms,":[79],"Gravitational":[81],"Search":[82,86],"Algorithm":[83,87],"(GSA),":[84],"Cuckoo":[85],"(CS),":[88],"Particle":[89],"Swarm":[90],"Optimizer":[91,97],"(PSO)":[92],"Grey":[95],"Wolf":[96],"(GWO)":[98],"used.":[100],"The":[101],"extensively":[104],"performed":[105],"on":[106],"six":[107],"types":[109],"PUFs;":[111],"namely,":[112],"Configurable":[113],"Ring":[114,117,120,125,183],"Oscillator,":[115,118,121,126],"Inverter":[116],"XOR-Inverter":[119,124,182],"Arbiter,":[122],"Modified":[123,181],"Hybrid":[128,175],"Delay":[129,176],"Based":[130,177],"PUF.":[131],"results,":[134],"it":[135],"concluded":[138],"first":[141],"four":[142],"under":[144],"study":[145],"ANN":[149],"models,":[152],"responses":[155],"with":[159],"an":[160],"average":[161],"accuracy":[162,197],"71.1%":[164],"88.3":[166],"%":[167,207],"models.":[171],"PUF":[178],"Oscillator":[184],"PUF,":[185],"which":[186],"especially":[188],"designed":[189],"thwart":[191],"attacks,":[194],"prediction":[196],"is":[198],"much":[199],"lower":[200],"range":[204],"9.8":[206],"14.5":[209],"%.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}