{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196779443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109171","title":"Concentric Ring Array Synthesis for Low Side Lobes: An Overview and a Tool for Optimizing Ring Radii and Angle of Rotation","display_name":"Concentric Ring Array Synthesis for Low Side Lobes: An Overview and a Tool for Optimizing Ring Radii and Angle of Rotation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196779443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109171","mag":"3196779443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3109171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109171","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09525408.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09525408.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017408860","display_name":"Yanki Aslan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6834-8375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanki Aslan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands. (e-mail: Y.Aslan@tudelft.nl)","Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6834-8375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands. (e-mail: Y.Aslan@tudelft.nl)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008376882","display_name":"A. R\u0153derer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-7506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoine Roederer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-7506","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110695516","display_name":"Alexander Yarovoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4777-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Yarovoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017408860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.4959,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95952876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"120744","last_page":"120754"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.5980715155601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.5935632586479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5853680372238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.5826188325881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5782454013824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-lobe","display_name":"Side lobe","score":0.5631299614906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","score":0.5394824743270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.5377441048622131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24683675169944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15714696049690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.13558587431907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0914330780506134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.5980715155601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.5935632586479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5853680372238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5826188325881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5782454013824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181856588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2040092","display_name":"Side lobe","level":3,"score":0.5631299614906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351438","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5394824743270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.5377441048622131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24683675169944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15714696049690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.13558587431907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0914330780506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3109171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109171","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09525408.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa1c364531444778a24964084bf9239e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa1c364531444778a24964084bf9239e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 120744-120754 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:d52849c5-4026-4a9d-8c6b-12f0447118b0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d52849c5-4026-4a9d-8c6b-12f0447118b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3109171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109171","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09525408.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2939756866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"15590","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317705","funder_display_name":"NXP Semiconductors"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G307934600","display_name":"Antenna Topologies and Front-end Configurations for Multiple Beam Generation","funder_award_id":"15590","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317705","display_name":"NXP Semiconductors","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196779443.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196779443.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557229422","https://openalex.org/W1595367758","https://openalex.org/W1914222249","https://openalex.org/W1965948853","https://openalex.org/W1993638291","https://openalex.org/W1994996012","https://openalex.org/W2009923109","https://openalex.org/W2031055472","https://openalex.org/W2048995577","https://openalex.org/W2086471188","https://openalex.org/W2094776900","https://openalex.org/W2096865023","https://openalex.org/W2105235982","https://openalex.org/W2123986955","https://openalex.org/W2125339018","https://openalex.org/W2131191021","https://openalex.org/W2133090192","https://openalex.org/W2141811458","https://openalex.org/W2148977050","https://openalex.org/W2160372232","https://openalex.org/W2167973844","https://openalex.org/W2278516246","https://openalex.org/W2285590294","https://openalex.org/W2318049329","https://openalex.org/W2480629578","https://openalex.org/W2530824004","https://openalex.org/W2548932599","https://openalex.org/W2560463711","https://openalex.org/W2594087009","https://openalex.org/W2739992391","https://openalex.org/W2947760080","https://openalex.org/W2972768209","https://openalex.org/W2997834329","https://openalex.org/W3003802608","https://openalex.org/W3006472214","https://openalex.org/W3012161234","https://openalex.org/W3041343111","https://openalex.org/W3123168988","https://openalex.org/W4205279868","https://openalex.org/W4386249957","https://openalex.org/W6678342224","https://openalex.org/W6734786294","https://openalex.org/W6768108554","https://openalex.org/W6780272728","https://openalex.org/W6856159777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2739371066","https://openalex.org/W4293235487","https://openalex.org/W2293008278","https://openalex.org/W215712901","https://openalex.org/W2555272566","https://openalex.org/W4381792737","https://openalex.org/W2170642318","https://openalex.org/W2534401630","https://openalex.org/W4387693183","https://openalex.org/W2955396189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"comprehensive":[1],"review":[2],"on":[3,77,170],"the":[4,63,67,78,89,94,103,112,136,160,171,179],"approaches":[5],"for":[6,30,117],"synthesizing":[7],"low":[8,150],"side":[9],"lobe":[10],"concentric":[11,44],"ring":[12,45,68],"array":[13,24,46,84,187],"(CRA)":[14],"antennas":[15],"is":[16,28,133],"given.":[17],"An":[18],"Iterative":[19],"Convex":[20],"Optimization":[21],"(ICO)":[22],"based":[23],"layout":[25],"synthesis":[26,92],"technique":[27,138],"proposed":[29,95],"peak":[31],"side-lobe":[32],"level":[33],"(PSLL)":[34],"minimization":[35,116],"over":[36],"a":[37,50,123,182],"given":[38,51],"circular":[39],"field-of-view":[40],"in":[41,60,122,178],"steerable":[42,152],"uniform-amplitude":[43],"(UA-CRA)":[47],"antennas.":[48],"For":[49],"number":[52,56],"of":[53,57,72,105,107,109,111,164,185],"rings":[54,113],"and":[55,70,82,114,125,154,158],"uniformly-distributed":[58],"elements":[59],"each":[61],"ring,":[62],"ICO":[64,137],"algorithm":[65],"optimizes":[66],"radii":[69],"angle":[71,108],"rotation,":[73],"with":[74],"possible":[75],"constraints":[76],"minimum":[79],"element":[80],"separation":[81],"largest":[83],"size.":[85],"As":[86],"compared":[87],"to":[88,144,156],"existing":[90],"UA-CRA":[91,147,172],"techniques,":[93],"method":[96],"presents":[97],"unique":[98],"features":[99],"as":[100],"it":[101,132],"combines":[102],"capability":[104],"optimization":[106,167],"rotation":[110],"PSLL":[115,151,161],"multiple":[118],"elevation":[119],"scan":[120],"angles":[121],"computationally-efficient":[124],"easy-to-solve":[126],"procedure.":[127],"Through":[128],"numerical":[129],"design":[130],"examples,":[131],"demonstrated":[134],"how":[135],"can":[139],"be":[140],"effectively":[141],"used":[142],"(i)":[143],"synthesize":[145],"sparse":[146],"topologies":[148,173,188],"generating":[149],"beams,":[153],"(ii)":[155],"assess":[157],"improve":[159],"suppression":[162],"performance":[163],"various":[165],"known":[166],"algorithms.":[168],"Based":[169],"synthesized":[174],"via":[175],"competitive":[176],"methods":[177],"recent":[180],"literature,":[181],"new":[183],"set":[184],"improved":[186],"are":[189],"presented.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}