{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197569941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3108891","title":"A MARL Approach for Optimizing Positions of VANET Aerial Base-Stations on a Sparse Highway","display_name":"A MARL Approach for Optimizing Positions of VANET Aerial Base-Stations on a Sparse Highway","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197569941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3108891","mag":"3197569941"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3108891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3108891","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09525079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09525079.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005897719","display_name":"Bote Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096394","display_name":"Queens University","ror":"https://ror.org/00strmv13","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096394"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154901","display_name":"Kingston University","ror":"https://ror.org/0517ce304","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154901"]}],"countries":["BD","CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bote Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, CA. (e-mail: 13bj7@queensu.ca)","School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2840-8676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, CA. (e-mail: 13bj7@queensu.ca)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609","https://openalex.org/I4210096394"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025867957","display_name":"Sidney Givigi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-3545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154901","display_name":"Kingston University","ror":"https://ror.org/0517ce304","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154901"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney N. Givigi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, CA","School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-3545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006197224","display_name":"Jean-Alexis Delamer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-4042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194120229","display_name":"Xavier University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f266q65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194120229"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Alexis Delamer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, CA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-4042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194120229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5255,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8261784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"133989","last_page":"134004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.7934912443161011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6693893074989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.5391960144042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.502992570400238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.36647945642471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25652796030044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.18950289487838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.16610726714134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0804654061794281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.7934912443161011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6693893074989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.5391960144042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.502992570400238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36647945642471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25652796030044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.18950289487838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.16610726714134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0804654061794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3108891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3108891","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09525079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6bc381c7139a47db9df5284bfb4a8601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6bc381c7139a47db9df5284bfb4a8601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 133989-134004 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3108891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3108891","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09525079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313016","display_name":"St. Francis Xavier University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcaxs37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321832","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322829","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse","ror":"https://ror.org/017tgbk05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197569941.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197569941.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206679605","https://openalex.org/W323712022","https://openalex.org/W1641379095","https://openalex.org/W2001065364","https://openalex.org/W2010988138","https://openalex.org/W2119206785","https://openalex.org/W2296970238","https://openalex.org/W2345097924","https://openalex.org/W2470955424","https://openalex.org/W2575731723","https://openalex.org/W2617547828","https://openalex.org/W2782363571","https://openalex.org/W2798337874","https://openalex.org/W2903709398","https://openalex.org/W2908550123","https://openalex.org/W2914078744","https://openalex.org/W2914316962","https://openalex.org/W2945644527","https://openalex.org/W2949201811","https://openalex.org/W2954467519","https://openalex.org/W2958128650","https://openalex.org/W2962886534","https://openalex.org/W2962938168","https://openalex.org/W2963000099","https://openalex.org/W2963000651","https://openalex.org/W2964345382","https://openalex.org/W2968239250","https://openalex.org/W2983832982","https://openalex.org/W3000082335","https://openalex.org/W3030840723","https://openalex.org/W3035141911","https://openalex.org/W3105078367","https://openalex.org/W4254547512","https://openalex.org/W6712181171","https://openalex.org/W6734678876","https://openalex.org/W6735011893","https://openalex.org/W6737849119","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6764683983","https://openalex.org/W6779279235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"Vehicular":[1],"Ad-Hoc":[2],"Network":[3],"(VANET)":[4],"helps":[5],"vehicles":[6],"send":[7],"and":[8,11,191,266,285,291],"receive":[9],"environmental":[10],"traffic":[12],"information,":[13],"making":[14],"it":[15,108,139],"a":[16,41,101,150,174,181],"crucial":[17,83],"component":[18],"towards":[19,84],"fully":[20],"autonomous":[21],"roads.":[22],"For":[23],"VANETs":[24],"to":[25,31,71,143,205,220,242,247,281,295],"serve":[26],"their":[27],"purpose,":[28],"there":[29],"has":[30],"be":[32,66,257,263,279],"sufficient":[33],"coverage,":[34],"even":[35],"in":[36,51,73,94],"less":[37],"populated":[38],"areas.":[39],"Moreover,":[40],"lot":[42],"of":[43,58,75,79,97,117,135,152,240,287],"the":[44,56,87,95,110,141,153,199,207,212,221,226,238,248,260,283,288,293],"safety":[45],"information":[46,166],"is":[47,82,137,187,203,235],"time-sensitive;":[48],"excessive":[49],"delay":[50],"data":[52],"transfer":[53],"can":[54,65,256,262,278],"increase":[55,243],"risk":[57],"fatal":[59],"accidents.":[60],"Unmanned":[61],"Aerial":[62],"Vehicles":[63],"(UAVs)":[64],"used":[67,188,265],"as":[68,107,172,259,269],"mobile":[69,98],"base-stations":[70,99],"fill":[72],"gaps":[74],"coverage.":[76],"The":[77,132,158],"placement":[78,96,208],"these":[80],"UAVs":[81],"how":[85],"well":[86,173,270],"system":[88],"performs.":[89],"We":[90,148,178],"are":[91],"particularly":[92],"interested":[93],"for":[100,113,123,189,215],"rural":[102],"highway":[103,184,289],"with":[104,165],"sparse":[105,183],"traffic,":[106],"represents":[109],"worst-case":[111],"scenario":[112],"vehicular":[114],"communication.":[115],"Instead":[116],"heuristic":[118],"or":[119],"linear":[120],"programming":[121],"methods":[122],"optimal":[124],"placement,":[125],"we":[126,251],"use":[127],"multi-agent":[128],"reinforcement":[129],"learning":[130],"(MARL).":[131],"main":[133],"benefit":[134],"MARL":[136,201],"that":[138,186,198,210,232,253],"allows":[140],"agents":[142,171,241],"learn":[144,206],"model-free":[145],"through":[146],"experience.":[147],"propose":[149],"variation":[151],"traditional":[154],"Deep":[155],"Independent":[156],"Q-Learning.":[157],"modifications":[159,246],"include":[160],"an":[161,272],"observation":[162],"function":[163],"augmented":[164],"directly":[167,264],"shared":[168,175],"between":[169],"neighbouring":[170],"policy":[176],"scheme.":[177],"also":[179],"implement":[180],"custom":[182],"simulator":[185],"training":[190],"testing":[192,196],"our":[193,233,254],"algorithm.":[194],"Our":[195,229],"shows":[197],"proposed":[200],"algorithm":[202,261,294],"able":[204],"policies":[209],"produce":[211],"maximum":[213],"rewards":[214],"different":[216],"scenarios":[217],"while":[218],"adapting":[219,292],"dynamic":[222],"road":[223],"densities":[224],"along":[225],"service":[227],"area.":[228],"experiments":[230,277],"show":[231,252],"model":[234,255],"scalable,":[236],"allowing":[237],"number":[239],"without":[244],"any":[245],"code.":[249],"Finally,":[250],"generalized":[258],"performs":[267],"equally":[268],"on":[271],"industry":[273],"standard":[274],"simulator.":[275],"Future":[276],"performed":[280],"improve":[282],"realism":[284],"complexity":[286],"models":[290],"real-world":[296],"scenarios.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
