{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193740800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106443","title":"Bloom\u2019s Learning Outcomes\u2019 Automatic Classification Using LSTM and Pretrained Word Embeddings","display_name":"Bloom\u2019s Learning Outcomes\u2019 Automatic Classification Using LSTM and Pretrained Word Embeddings","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193740800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106443","mag":"3193740800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3106443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106443","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09519690.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09519690.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053152000","display_name":"Sarang Shaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2099-4797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68288478","display_name":"Sukkur IBA University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5jvk98","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarang Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109514970","display_name":"Sher Muhammad Daudpotta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68288478","display_name":"Sukkur IBA University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5jvk98","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sher Muhammad Daudpotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044015235","display_name":"Ali Shariq Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2416-2878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Shariq Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053152000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.4788,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95383781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"117887","last_page":"117909"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clos-network","display_name":"Clos network","score":0.7952953577041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7940524816513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.7258777022361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6626412868499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5748308897018433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5366619825363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5277267694473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5192027688026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blooms-taxonomy","display_name":"Bloom's taxonomy","score":0.5134754776954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4959445893764496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4065418839454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09223714470863342}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119700423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4418086","display_name":"Clos network","level":2,"score":0.7952953577041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7940524816513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7258777022361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6626412868499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5748308897018433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5366619825363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5277267694473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5192027688026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59157022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774565","display_name":"Bloom's taxonomy","level":3,"score":0.5134754776954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4959445893764496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4065418839454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09223714470863342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3106443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106443","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09519690.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e04bfe8e6aaa4968aa7057a819e6cd9b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e04bfe8e6aaa4968aa7057a819e6cd9b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 117887-117909 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2994837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2994837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"117887-117909","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3106443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106443","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09519690.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193740800.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193740800.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21006490","https://openalex.org/W97229555","https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W196214544","https://openalex.org/W941230081","https://openalex.org/W1499864241","https://openalex.org/W1580749063","https://openalex.org/W1662133657","https://openalex.org/W1759973002","https://openalex.org/W1905882502","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1982281773","https://openalex.org/W1983171097","https://openalex.org/W2060204146","https://openalex.org/W2063370556","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2069143585","https://openalex.org/W2086004682","https://openalex.org/W2102113734","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2116261113","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2152808281","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2166023943","https://openalex.org/W2171928131","https://openalex.org/W2247413005","https://openalex.org/W2250489405","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250644439","https://openalex.org/W2251939518","https://openalex.org/W2315807301","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2415204069","https://openalex.org/W2478758920","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2517396745","https://openalex.org/W2532842698","https://openalex.org/W2598198979","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2725541287","https://openalex.org/W2732724430","https://openalex.org/W2737731311","https://openalex.org/W2742947407","https://openalex.org/W2772850107","https://openalex.org/W2786411768","https://openalex.org/W2787669102","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2898355739","https://openalex.org/W2937423263","https://openalex.org/W2947843940","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2960680116","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2982092783","https://openalex.org/W3011091101","https://openalex.org/W3092542905","https://openalex.org/W3103061166","https://openalex.org/W3105625590","https://openalex.org/W3127941536","https://openalex.org/W3131158511","https://openalex.org/W3134449275","https://openalex.org/W3136710691","https://openalex.org/W3150947978","https://openalex.org/W3152711934","https://openalex.org/W3202647623","https://openalex.org/W3217611625","https://openalex.org/W4254816979","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4289366653","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W6600827882","https://openalex.org/W6607333740","https://openalex.org/W6607974698","https://openalex.org/W6624664881","https://openalex.org/W6629930100","https://openalex.org/W6634774001","https://openalex.org/W6638107401","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6675365184","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6691459498","https://openalex.org/W6691642504","https://openalex.org/W6713098461","https://openalex.org/W6715743342","https://openalex.org/W6740483536","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755617350"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369789853","https://openalex.org/W1967522508","https://openalex.org/W3094469343","https://openalex.org/W2146599341","https://openalex.org/W4387332867","https://openalex.org/W2752011777","https://openalex.org/W110414957","https://openalex.org/W2736510572","https://openalex.org/W2060126433","https://openalex.org/W3027735355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bloom\u2019s":[0,92,135,178,184,265],"taxonomy":[1,136],"is":[2,26,66,196,253],"a":[3],"popular":[4],"model":[5,106,182,195,230],"to":[6,78,107,132,205,238],"classify":[7],"educational":[8,45,262],"learning":[9,13,49,105,208,259],"objectives":[10,263],"into":[11,29,91,177],"different":[12,30,54,116],"levels":[14,55,93,117],"for":[15,94,170,186,242],"three":[16],"domains":[17],"including":[18],"cognitive,":[19],"affective":[20],"and":[21,41,58,72,88,112,150,174,188,213,219,223],"psycho":[22],"motor.":[23],"Each":[24],"domain":[25,34],"further":[27],"detailed":[28],"levels.":[31,43,266],"The":[32,180,193,228],"cognitive":[33,121],"includes":[35],"knowledge,":[36,251],"comprehension,":[37],"application,":[38],"analysis,":[39],"synthesis":[40],"evaluation":[42],"In":[44],"institutions,":[46],"designing":[47],"course":[48],"outcomes":[50],"(CLOs)":[51],"as":[52,203],"per":[53],"of":[56,60,76,83,86,110,118,147,152,168,172,200,217,249],"Bloom":[57,119],"mapping":[59,85],"assessment":[61,89,113,175,189,224],"items":[62,90,114,176],"on":[63,160,221,260],"designed":[64],"CLOs":[65,87,111,173,222],"an":[67,95,239],"important":[68],"task\u2014every":[69],"semester,":[70],"faculty":[71],"administrators":[73],"read":[74],"thousands":[75],"statements":[77],"complete":[79],"the":[80,130,145,165,201,243,247],"tedious":[81],"task":[82],"such":[84],"improved":[96],"student":[97],"learning.":[98],"This":[99],"paper":[100],"proposes":[101],"LSTM":[102],"based":[103],"deep":[104,207,258],"perform":[108],"classification":[109,171,215],"in":[115,120,129,198,211,234,264],"domain.":[122],"Although,":[123],"there":[124],"has":[125],"been":[126],"some":[127],"attempts":[128],"literature":[131,212],"automatically":[133],"assign":[134],"category":[137],"using":[138],"keywords-based":[139,158],"approach":[140,159],"but":[141],"it":[142],"suffers":[143],"from":[144],"problem":[146],"low":[148],"accuracy":[149,167,216,236],"overlapping":[151],"keywords.":[153],"Initially,":[154],"when":[155],"we":[156,163],"performed":[157],"our":[161,250],"datasets":[162],"achieved":[164],"overall":[166,235],"55%":[169],"taxonomy.":[179],"proposed":[181,194,229],"predicts":[183],"level":[185],"CLO":[187],"question":[190,225],"item,":[191],"respectively.":[192,227],"simple":[197],"terms":[199],"architecture":[202],"compared":[204],"other":[206],"models":[209],"reported":[210],"achieves":[214],"87%":[218],"74%":[220],"items,":[226],"obtained":[231],"3%":[232],"increase":[233],"comparing":[237],"existing":[240],"study":[241],"same":[244],"task.":[245],"To":[246],"best":[248],"this":[252],"first":[254],"attempt":[255],"towards":[256],"applying":[257],"classifying":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}