{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195157635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106384","title":"Towards Interoperable Blockchains: A Survey on the Role of Smart Contracts in Blockchain Interoperability","display_name":"Towards Interoperable Blockchains: A Survey on the Role of Smart Contracts in Blockchain Interoperability","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195157635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106384","mag":"3195157635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3106384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106384","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09519640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09519640.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084521751","display_name":"Sajjad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-5065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajjad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107998750","display_name":"Muhammad Bilal Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7953-3958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Bilal Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034196986","display_name":"Ahmad Taher Azar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7869-6373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207547235","display_name":"Benha University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tn5ee41","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Taher Azar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Benha, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Benha, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061765479","display_name":"Sheraz Aslam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4305-0908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qt8tf94","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheraz Aslam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":18.0614,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99260547,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"116672","last_page":"116691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9271000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.9671970009803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8334153890609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6556812524795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6302865147590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous","display_name":"Homogeneous","score":0.6013146638870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.5193944573402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-interoperability","display_name":"Semantic interoperability","score":0.4981420040130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-domain-interoperability","display_name":"Cross-domain interoperability","score":0.4880291521549225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34108680486679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3361971974372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3248260021209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.28514838218688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08031165599822998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.9671970009803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8334153890609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6556812524795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6302865147590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.6013146638870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.5193944573402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192800085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5258530","display_name":"Semantic interoperability","level":3,"score":0.4981420040130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26805982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008183","display_name":"Cross-domain interoperability","level":4,"score":0.4880291521549225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34108680486679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3361971974372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3248260021209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.28514838218688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08031165599822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3106384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106384","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09519640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.utas.edu.au:46313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922975","display_name":"UTAS Research Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77b7250a27dd41a1aa3f70bbe0d9c125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77b7250a27dd41a1aa3f70bbe0d9c125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 116672-116691 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/23003360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Towards_interoperable_blockchains_a_survey_on_the_role_of_smart_contracts_in_blockchain_interoperability/23003360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ktisis.cut.ac.cy:10488/23040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ktisis.cut.ac.cy/handle/10488/23040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400897","display_name":"Ktisis at Cyprus University of Technology (Cyprus University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","host_organization_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ktisis.cut.ac.cy:20.500.14279/23040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14279/23040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400897","display_name":"Ktisis at Cyprus University of Technology (Cyprus University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","host_organization_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3106384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106384","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09519640.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327702","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195157635.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195157635.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2889471539","https://openalex.org/W2892520153","https://openalex.org/W2907137177","https://openalex.org/W2911146027","https://openalex.org/W2921793566","https://openalex.org/W2941072572","https://openalex.org/W2941702032","https://openalex.org/W2944842670","https://openalex.org/W2947790980","https://openalex.org/W2948166687","https://openalex.org/W2962718239","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W2967111530","https://openalex.org/W2967244362","https://openalex.org/W2970471397","https://openalex.org/W2970573752","https://openalex.org/W2974125212","https://openalex.org/W2981399413","https://openalex.org/W2985634786","https://openalex.org/W2985948189","https://openalex.org/W2990181228","https://openalex.org/W2997016418","https://openalex.org/W2997496941","https://openalex.org/W2999044410","https://openalex.org/W3000683133","https://openalex.org/W3007833593","https://openalex.org/W3010258451","https://openalex.org/W3015280513","https://openalex.org/W3019222059","https://openalex.org/W3019423257","https://openalex.org/W3021955089","https://openalex.org/W3023854532","https://openalex.org/W3024327853","https://openalex.org/W3029616339","https://openalex.org/W3033317866","https://openalex.org/W3033735539","https://openalex.org/W3039165622","https://openalex.org/W3046241922","https://openalex.org/W3055157380","https://openalex.org/W3093359361","https://openalex.org/W3095759692","https://openalex.org/W3099201326","https://openalex.org/W3100776503","https://openalex.org/W3101027113","https://openalex.org/W3110448055","https://openalex.org/W3127476229","https://openalex.org/W3146599795","https://openalex.org/W3165722858","https://openalex.org/W3168833844","https://openalex.org/W3173691080","https://openalex.org/W3177820985","https://openalex.org/W3202887189","https://openalex.org/W3210933216","https://openalex.org/W3210934011","https://openalex.org/W4249025681","https://openalex.org/W4287366051","https://openalex.org/W4287864216","https://openalex.org/W4288364315","https://openalex.org/W6753951811","https://openalex.org/W6755103282","https://openalex.org/W6758114443","https://openalex.org/W6760161284","https://openalex.org/W6761636782","https://openalex.org/W6762037769","https://openalex.org/W6763184265","https://openalex.org/W6772498836","https://openalex.org/W6774181860","https://openalex.org/W6774714165","https://openalex.org/W6776626862","https://openalex.org/W6778554630","https://openalex.org/W6779877521","https://openalex.org/W6781406690","https://openalex.org/W6783779337","https://openalex.org/W6784392031","https://openalex.org/W6786748563","https://openalex.org/W6790172890","https://openalex.org/W6903913235","https://openalex.org/W6922140675","https://openalex.org/W6922446540","https://openalex.org/W6941259818","https://openalex.org/W6941351790"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4396713893","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W2109385585","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,213],"slower":[1],"than":[2],"expected":[3],"adoption":[4],"rate":[5],"of":[6,19,33,76,91,105,116,132,174,193,234,245,261],"blockchain":[7,78,117,136,180,210,262],"technology":[8],"has":[9,141],"highlighted":[10],"that":[11],"there":[12],"are":[13,44,219,225,251],"barriers":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,46,99,206,230,253],"the":[17,34,71,87,95,102,106,112,120,126,130,143,175,191,194,209,223,232,235,255,259],"diversity":[18],"its":[20,23],"applications":[21],"and":[22,29,73,89,109,153,159,165,222,248,257],"users.":[24],"To":[25,69,169],"overcome":[26,254],"this":[27],"limitation":[28],"take":[30],"full":[31],"advantage":[32],"novel":[35],"technology,":[36],"researchers":[37,80],"from":[38],"academia":[39],"as":[40,42],"well":[41],"industry":[43],"dedicated":[45],"find":[47],"different":[48],"solutions,":[49,79],"where":[50],"two":[51],"or":[52],"more":[53],"blockchains":[54,152,158],"can":[55],"interact":[56],"with":[57],"each":[58,182,217],"other.":[59],"As":[60],"a":[61,171,202,239,243],"result,":[62],"several":[63,83],"interoperability":[64,107,137,145,211,214,236],"solutions":[65,108,146,215,237],"have":[66,81],"presented":[67,226],"themselves.":[68],"investigate":[70],"functionalities":[72,192],"underlying":[74],"mechanisms":[75],"interoperable":[77],"conducted":[82],"surveys":[84,97],"by":[85,128,189],"discussing":[86],"features":[88],"innovations":[90],"these":[92],"methods.":[93],"However,":[94],"existing":[96,144],"tend":[98],"focus":[100],"on":[101,199],"architectural":[103],"description":[104],"completely":[110],"overlook":[111],"most":[113],"promising":[114],"aspect":[115],"adaptability,":[118],"namely":[119],"smart":[121,133,155,161,167,176,195],"contract.":[122],"This":[123],"paper":[124],"fills":[125],"gap":[127],"exploring":[129],"role":[131],"contracts":[134,177],"in":[135,179,216,227,238],"solutions.":[138,212],"Our":[139],"research":[140,249],"classified":[142],"into":[147,187],"three":[148],"main":[149],"categories:":[150],"heterogeneous":[151,163,166],"homogeneous":[154,157,160],"contracts,":[156,162],"blockchains,":[164],"contracts.":[168],"provide":[170],"systematic":[172],"overview":[173],"used":[178],"interoperability,":[181],"category":[183,218],"is":[184,204],"further":[185],"divided":[186],"subcategories":[188],"identifying":[190],"contract":[196],"used.":[197],"Based":[198],"our":[200],"survey,":[201],"taxonomy":[203],"proposed":[205],"help":[207],"classify":[208],"analyzed":[220],"in-depth,":[221],"results":[224],"tabular":[228],"format":[229],"illustrate":[231],"characteristics":[233],"meaningful":[240],"way.":[241],"Finally,":[242],"number":[244],"open":[246],"issues":[247],"directions":[250],"discussed":[252],"limitations":[256],"improve":[258],"performance":[260],"interoperability.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
