{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193572871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106145","title":"Model Predictive Control-Based Optimized Operation of a Hybrid Charging Station for Electric Vehicles","display_name":"Model Predictive Control-Based Optimized Operation of a Hybrid Charging Station for Electric Vehicles","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193572871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106145","mag":"3193572871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3106145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09517291.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09517291.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043230923","display_name":"Enrique Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Rivera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39147953","display_name":"Universidad de C\u00e1diz","ror":"https://ror.org/04mxxkb11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Gonzalez-Rivera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP023), Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), University of C\u00e1diz, Algeciras, C\u00e1diz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP023), Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), University of C\u00e1diz, Algeciras, C\u00e1diz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047049887","display_name":"Pablo Garc\u00eda\u2013Trivi\u00f1o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-1884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39147953","display_name":"Universidad de C\u00e1diz","ror":"https://ror.org/04mxxkb11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Garcia-Trivino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP023), Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), University of C\u00e1diz, Algeciras, C\u00e1diz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP023), Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), University of C\u00e1diz, Algeciras, C\u00e1diz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061218481","display_name":"Ra\u00fal Sarrias\u2010Mena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2495-2052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39147953","display_name":"Universidad de C\u00e1diz","ror":"https://ror.org/04mxxkb11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raul Sarrias-Mena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP023), University of C\u00e1diz, Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), Algeciras, C\u00e1diz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP023), University of C\u00e1diz, Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), Algeciras, C\u00e1diz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041356647","display_name":"Juan P. Torreglosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7239-370X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78880903","display_name":"Universidad de Huelva","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kt624","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78880903"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan P. Torreglosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78880903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059329130","display_name":"Francisco Jurado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-7415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191420491","display_name":"Universidad de Ja\u00e9n","ror":"https://ror.org/0122p5f64","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Jurado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group in Research and Electrical Technology, EPS Linares, University of Ja\u00e9n, Linares, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Research and Electrical Technology, EPS Linares, University of Ja\u00e9n, Linares, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032742755","display_name":"Luis M. Fern\u00e1ndez\u2013Ram\u00edrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4898-0680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39147953","display_name":"Universidad de C\u00e1diz","ror":"https://ror.org/04mxxkb11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis M. Fernandez-Ramirez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP023), Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), University of C\u00e1diz, Algeciras, C\u00e1diz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP023), Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), University of C\u00e1diz, Algeciras, C\u00e1diz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2433,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77081907,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"115766","last_page":"115776"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11690","display_name":"Advanced battery technologies research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6647940874099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.6219172477722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5839278101921082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management-system","display_name":"Energy management system","score":0.5799887180328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.5542049407958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5388870239257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5376796126365662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.5102198123931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4927521049976349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.48591843247413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-system","display_name":"Hybrid system","score":0.4585430920124054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid-connection","display_name":"Grid connection","score":0.4212127923965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3287329077720642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3094767928123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28050166368484497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.23120343685150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.19014298915863037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6647940874099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6219172477722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5839278101921082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781260460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6139999","display_name":"Energy management system","level":4,"score":0.5799887180328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.5542049407958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5388870239257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5376796126365662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.5102198123931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4927521049976349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.48591843247413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.4585430920124054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780685028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Grid connection","level":3,"score":0.4212127923965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3287329077720642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3094767928123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28050166368484497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.23120343685150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.19014298915863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3106145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09517291.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ariasmontano.uhu.es:10272/20454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10272/20454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401308","display_name":"Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Huelva (Universidad de Huelva)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78880903","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Huelva","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78880903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0e0b0d432b654fe3a382e625d5865b9d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0e0b0d432b654fe3a382e625d5865b9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 115766-115776 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rodin.uca.es:10498/25756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10498/25756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400506","display_name":"RODIN (Universidad de C\u00e1diz)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39147953","host_organization_name":"Universidad de C\u00e1diz","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access ( Volume: 9)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3106145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3106145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09517291.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4946301326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-095720-B-C32","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6298273575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8058016376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-095720-B-C32","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8181105605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193572871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193572871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1640835041","https://openalex.org/W1989063095","https://openalex.org/W2039633010","https://openalex.org/W2060253568","https://openalex.org/W2075727976","https://openalex.org/W2092414230","https://openalex.org/W2121899976","https://openalex.org/W2162305326","https://openalex.org/W2194903669","https://openalex.org/W2509571898","https://openalex.org/W2536725230","https://openalex.org/W2565707630","https://openalex.org/W2593125358","https://openalex.org/W2606814368","https://openalex.org/W2765590643","https://openalex.org/W2793153958","https://openalex.org/W2905353201","https://openalex.org/W2906932465","https://openalex.org/W2932602845","https://openalex.org/W2944468085","https://openalex.org/W2966618987","https://openalex.org/W2980775877","https://openalex.org/W2988721312","https://openalex.org/W2990600623","https://openalex.org/W2995748174","https://openalex.org/W3010425138","https://openalex.org/W3010519959","https://openalex.org/W3012223405","https://openalex.org/W3027786858","https://openalex.org/W3047114267","https://openalex.org/W3092553147","https://openalex.org/W3103264065","https://openalex.org/W6678474785","https://openalex.org/W6734626733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2749199243","https://openalex.org/W2362194702","https://openalex.org/W2003264037","https://openalex.org/W2333017163","https://openalex.org/W4390571837","https://openalex.org/W2133545517","https://openalex.org/W2352231626","https://openalex.org/W2964681094","https://openalex.org/W2577786578","https://openalex.org/W2896932934"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,62,199],"energy":[4,63,100],"management":[5],"system":[6,50,65],"(EMS)":[7],"based":[8,51],"on":[9,52,118],"a":[10,26,41,45,47,53,80,129,145,157,164,173,185,190],"novel":[11],"approach":[12],"using":[13,137,172],"model":[14],"predictive":[15],"control":[16,94],"(MPC)":[17],"for":[18,30,140,149],"the":[19,95,99,103,109,113,116,119,124,141,168,179,182],"optimized":[20],"operation":[21],"of":[22,40,75,102,112,123,132,181],"power":[23,96],"sources":[24,101],"in":[25,135,193,201],"hybrid":[27,35,104],"charging":[28,36,72,105],"station":[29,37,106],"electric":[31],"vehicles":[32],"(EVs).":[33],"The":[34,88,121,176],"is":[38,91,154,161],"composed":[39],"photovoltaic":[42],"(PV)":[43],"system,":[44],"battery,":[46],"complete":[48],"hydrogen":[49],"fuel":[54],"cell":[55],"(FC),":[56],"electrolyzer":[57],"(EZ),":[58],"and":[59,69,107,115,144,198],"tank":[60],"as":[61,163],"storage":[64],"(ESS),":[66],"grid":[67,194],"connection,":[68],"six":[70],"fast":[71],"units,":[73],"all":[74],"which":[76,166],"are":[77],"connected":[78],"to":[79,93],"common":[81],"MVDC":[82],"bus":[83],"through":[84],"Z-source":[85],"converters":[86],"(ZSC).":[87],"MPC-based":[89],"EMS":[90,125,153],"designed":[92],"flow":[97],"among":[98],"reduce":[108],"utilization":[110,187],"costs":[111],"ESS":[114],"dependency":[117],"grid.":[120],"viability":[122],"was":[126],"proved":[127],"under":[128],"long-term":[130],"simulation":[131],"25":[133],"years":[134],"Simulink,":[136],"real":[138],"data":[139],"sun":[142],"irradiance":[143],"European":[146],"load":[147],"profile":[148],"EVs.":[150],"Furthermore,":[151],"this":[152],"compared":[155],"with":[156],"simpler":[158],"alternative":[159],"that":[160],"used":[162],"benchmark,":[165],"pursues":[167],"same":[169],"objectives,":[170],"although":[171],"states-based":[174],"strategy.":[175],"results":[177],"prove":[178],"suitability":[180],"EMS,":[183],"achieving":[184],"lower":[186],"cost":[188],"(\u221225.3%),":[189],"notable":[191],"reduction":[192],"use":[195],"(\u221260%":[196],"approximately)":[197],"improvement":[200],"efficiency.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
