{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195759898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105608","title":"Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz","display_name":"Quantitative Comparison of Power Densities Related to Electromagnetic Near-Field Exposures With Safety Guidelines From 6 to 100 GHz","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195759898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105608","mag":"3195759898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3105608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105608","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09514895.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09514895.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100783566","display_name":"Kun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0013-045X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201933988","display_name":"Kagawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7mzp05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0013-045X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040755888","display_name":"Kensuke Sasaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-3669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kensuke Sasaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-3669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088629970","display_name":"Kanako Wake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-1078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanako Wake","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-1078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052100762","display_name":"Teruo Onishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2704-0518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teruo Onishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2704-0518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101972643","display_name":"Soichi Watanabe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-4730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soichi Watanabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-4730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.1978,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97428243,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"115801","last_page":"115812"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11692","display_name":"Noise Effects and Management","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.5555122494697571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poynting-vector","display_name":"Poynting vector","score":0.5396949648857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4220935106277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35708045959472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebra-over-a-field","display_name":"Algebra over a field","score":0.3256862163543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3211025595664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.24480491876602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24221542477607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.14795687794685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.13039177656173706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.5555122494697571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193614536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504186","display_name":"Poynting vector","level":3,"score":0.5396949648857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4220935106277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35708045959472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.3256862163543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3211025595664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.24480491876602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24221542477607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.14795687794685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.13039177656173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3105608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105608","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09514895.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:58955329f7644cdf994a78f60d849074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/58955329f7644cdf994a78f60d849074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 115801-115812 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3105608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105608","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09514895.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2009417509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMI10001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325628","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325628","display_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs1pz50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195759898.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195759898.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570895503","https://openalex.org/W1948181060","https://openalex.org/W1970178718","https://openalex.org/W1996168671","https://openalex.org/W2029468290","https://openalex.org/W2038692817","https://openalex.org/W2056575990","https://openalex.org/W2057429451","https://openalex.org/W2064429261","https://openalex.org/W2080917736","https://openalex.org/W2090843874","https://openalex.org/W2111455864","https://openalex.org/W2120643531","https://openalex.org/W2165208411","https://openalex.org/W2466301401","https://openalex.org/W2510958393","https://openalex.org/W2578033653","https://openalex.org/W2586546050","https://openalex.org/W2587402970","https://openalex.org/W2619646890","https://openalex.org/W2622050478","https://openalex.org/W2738712094","https://openalex.org/W2765516396","https://openalex.org/W2769317659","https://openalex.org/W2790287809","https://openalex.org/W2791545016","https://openalex.org/W2798565554","https://openalex.org/W2885785152","https://openalex.org/W2895487166","https://openalex.org/W2900825342","https://openalex.org/W2903092609","https://openalex.org/W2912504373","https://openalex.org/W2912702033","https://openalex.org/W2914162245","https://openalex.org/W2999285817","https://openalex.org/W3004142275","https://openalex.org/W3025170280","https://openalex.org/W3038693741","https://openalex.org/W3048462186","https://openalex.org/W3091011977","https://openalex.org/W3106927618","https://openalex.org/W3137987984","https://openalex.org/W4205556338","https://openalex.org/W4239526824","https://openalex.org/W6750967513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357629666","https://openalex.org/W2347545410","https://openalex.org/W2144345571","https://openalex.org/W2047873907","https://openalex.org/W2036842911","https://openalex.org/W2116060146","https://openalex.org/W1491608776","https://openalex.org/W3010997180","https://openalex.org/W4366712724","https://openalex.org/W2041438751"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,141],"quantitative":[4],"analysis":[5],"of":[6,13,43,60,64,116,144,207,255,317,341,344,362],"the":[7,10,44,61,65,86,98,113,117,145,152,162,165,193,198,202,205,221,250,253,256,267,288,295,303,310,318,323,328,339,342,352,363,367,374],"differences":[8,203],"between":[9,168,204],"various":[11],"definitions":[12],"spatially":[14,40,57,87],"averaged":[15,41,58,88],"power":[16,90],"densities":[17],"(":[18,48,69,92],"<inline-formula":[19,49,70,121,130,169,176,212,234,241,260,275,345],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[20,50,71,94,122,131,170,177,209,213,235,242,261,276,346],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[21,51,72,123,132,171,178,214,236,243,262,277,347],"<tex-math":[22,52,73,124,133,172,179,215,237,244,263,278,348],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$sIPD_{s}$":[23,216,264,349],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[24,54,75,128,135,174,181,217,239,246,265,280,350],")":[25,55,76,96,281],"for":[26,148,220,233,266,287],"localized":[27],"exposure":[28,354],"to":[29,36,189,211,259],"electromagnetic":[30],"near-fields":[31],"at":[32,157,226],"frequencies":[33],"from":[34,161,187,309,373],"6":[35,188],"100":[37,190],"GHz.":[38,191],"The":[39,332],"modulus":[42],"complex":[45,66],"Poynting":[46,67],"vector":[47,68],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$sIPD_{mod}$":[53,180,245],"and":[56,97,175,218,230,240,376],"norm":[59],"real":[62],"part":[63],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$sIPD_{norm}$":[74,173,238],"were":[77,106],"compared":[78,359],"using":[79],"numerical":[80],"approaches,":[81],"where":[82],"their":[83],"relationships":[84],"with":[85,322,360],"absorbed":[89],"density":[91],"<italic":[93,208],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">sAPD</i>":[95,210],"local":[99],"peak":[100],"temperature":[101,257,298,304,319],"elevation":[102],"on":[103,351],"skin":[104],"tissue":[105],"analyzed.":[107],"Our":[108],"results":[109,334],"demonstrated":[110],"that":[111,286,294,306,338],"outside":[112],"typical":[114],"boundary":[115],"reactive":[118],"near-field,":[119],"i.e.,":[120,366],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$&gt;":[125],"\\lambda":[126],"$":[127],"/(":[129],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2\\pi$":[134],"),":[136],"which":[137,292],"is":[138,182,300,307,356],"used":[139],"as":[140],"rough":[142],"guide":[143],"applicable":[146],"condition":[147],"reference":[149],"levels":[150],"in":[151,197,315,327],"RF":[153,199,329],"safety":[154,200,330],"guidelines,":[155,201],"but":[156],"most":[158,227],"10":[159],"mm":[160],"radiation":[163],"source,":[164,375],"maximum":[166,297],"difference":[167],"smaller":[183],"than":[184,274,302],"0.7":[185],"dB":[186,229,232],"For":[192],"appropriate":[194],"conditions":[195],"recommended":[196],"ratios":[206,254],"those":[219,361],"plane-wave":[222,289],"normal":[223,290],"incidence,":[224,291],"are":[225],"1.4":[228],"0.9":[231],",":[247],"respectively.":[248],"Under":[249],"same":[251],"condition,":[252],"rise":[258,299,305,320],"relatively":[268],"small":[269],"antennas":[270],"(total":[271],"dimension":[272],"less":[273],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2\\lambda$":[279],"do":[282],"not":[283,357],"significantly":[284],"exceed":[285],"means":[293],"expected":[296],"lower":[301],"derived":[308],"operational":[311],"health":[312],"effect":[313,340],"threshold":[314],"terms":[316],"divided":[321],"reduction":[324],"factors":[325],"employed":[326],"guidelines.":[331],"above":[333],"provide":[335],"suggestive":[336],"evidence":[337],"definition":[343],"human":[353],"characteristics":[355],"significant":[358],"other":[364],"factors,":[365],"antenna":[368],"type":[369],"(size),":[370],"frequency,":[371],"distance":[372],"averaging":[377],"area.":[378]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T08:28:00.272161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}