{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3194049625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104975","title":"Detection of Freezing of Gait Using Unsupervised Convolutional Denoising Autoencoder","display_name":"Detection of Freezing of Gait Using Unsupervised Convolutional Denoising Autoencoder","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3194049625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104975","mag":"3194049625"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3104975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104975","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09514558.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09514558.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085944663","display_name":"Mohd Halim Mohd Noor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-3270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Halim Mohd Noor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042617322","display_name":"Amril Nazir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7116-7607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amril Nazir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047356540","display_name":"Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3549-6443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070807754","display_name":"Jodene Ooi Yen Ling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jodene Ooi Yen Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5721,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81668326,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"115700","last_page":"115709"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.9484999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7352443933486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7220683097839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.708892822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5495294332504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.4994485378265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.47682422399520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.44057151675224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44004788994789124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.4311182200908661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3620118498802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.2102472484111786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.0990549623966217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7352443933486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7220683097839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.708892822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5495294332504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.4994485378265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.47682422399520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.44057151675224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44004788994789124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.4311182200908661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3620118498802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.2102472484111786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0990549623966217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3104975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104975","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09514558.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34fba6708ae448288f041a3d55b928c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34fba6708ae448288f041a3d55b928c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 115700-115709 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3104975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104975","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09514558.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4655606163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"203.PKOMP.6711798","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","funder_display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3194049625.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3194049625.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134203394","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2045574264","https://openalex.org/W2089744082","https://openalex.org/W2114808721","https://openalex.org/W2128892560","https://openalex.org/W2171181994","https://openalex.org/W2177319998","https://openalex.org/W2464977649","https://openalex.org/W2588989789","https://openalex.org/W2615706231","https://openalex.org/W2615874593","https://openalex.org/W2885333657","https://openalex.org/W2910721721","https://openalex.org/W2986888469","https://openalex.org/W2990845518","https://openalex.org/W2993533711","https://openalex.org/W3006949515","https://openalex.org/W3023416119","https://openalex.org/W3087661417","https://openalex.org/W3100117095","https://openalex.org/W3121614540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W2145836866","https://openalex.org/W4310873165","https://openalex.org/W2355395139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"the":[1,29,36,48,58,102,121,134,149,157,168,182,198],"advanced":[2],"stage":[3],"of":[4,12,35,38,50,53,61,73,106,137,151,159,167,179],"Parkinson\u2019s":[5,39,107],"disease,":[6],"patients":[7,41],"may":[8],"suffer":[9],"from":[10],"\u2018freezing":[11],"gait\u2019":[13],"episodes:":[14],"a":[15,19,62,126,163,175],"debilitating":[16],"condition":[17],"wherein":[18],"patient\u2019s":[20],"\u201cfeet":[21],"feel":[22],"as":[23],"though":[24],"they":[25],"are":[26,88],"glued":[27],"to":[28,47,66,93,119,132,144,172,187,197],"floor.\u201d":[30],"The":[31,71],"objective,":[32],"continuous":[33],"monitoring":[34],"gait":[37,54,139],"disease":[40,108],"with":[42,101,156],"wearable":[43],"devices":[44],"has":[45],"led":[46],"development":[49],"many":[51],"freezing":[52],"detection":[55,122,183],"models":[56],"involving":[57],"automatic":[59],"cueing":[60],"rhythmic":[63],"auditory":[64],"stimulus":[65],"shorten":[67],"or":[68,79],"prevent":[69],"episodes.":[70],"use":[72],"thresholding":[74],"and":[75,91,174,191],"manually":[76,152,160],"extracted":[77],"features":[78],"feature":[80,127],"engineering":[81],"returned":[82],"promising":[83],"results.":[84],"However,":[85],"these":[86],"approaches":[87],"subjective,":[89],"time-consuming,":[90],"prone":[92],"error.":[94],"Furthermore,":[95],"their":[96],"performance":[97],"varied":[98],"when":[99],"faced":[100],"different":[103,145],"walking":[104,146],"styles":[105,147],"patients.":[109],"Inspired":[110],"by":[111,124],"state-of-art":[112],"deep":[113,129],"learning":[114,128],"techniques,":[115],"this":[116],"research":[117],"aims":[118],"improve":[120],"model":[123,184],"proposing":[125],"denoising":[130],"autoencoder":[131],"learn":[133],"salient":[135],"characteristics":[136],"Parkinsonian":[138],"data":[140,169],"that":[141],"is":[142,195],"applicable":[143],"for":[148],"elimination":[150,158],"handcrafted":[153,161],"features.":[154],"Even":[155],"features,":[162,181],"reduction":[164,178],"in":[165],"half":[166],"window":[170],"sizes":[171],"2s,":[173],"significant":[176],"dimensionality":[177],"learned":[180],"still":[185],"managed":[186],"achieve":[188],"90.94%":[189],"sensitivity":[190],"67.04%":[192],"specificity,":[193],"which":[194],"comparable":[196],"original":[199],"Daphnet":[200],"dataset":[201],"research.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
