{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3194232229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104464","title":"Systematic Review of Intelligent Algorithms in Gait Analysis and Prediction for Lower Limb Robotic Systems","display_name":"Systematic Review of Intelligent Algorithms in Gait Analysis and Prediction for Lower Limb Robotic Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3194232229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104464","mag":"3194232229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3104464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104464","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09513306.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09513306.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063452454","display_name":"Rania Kolaghassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-6032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rania Kolaghassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Interactions Research Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-6032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Interactions Research Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073984000","display_name":"Mohamad Kenan Al-Hares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3246-8479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Kenan Al-Hares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Interactions Research Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3246-8479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Interactions Research Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055586446","display_name":"Konstantinos Sirlantzis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0847-8880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Sirlantzis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Interactions Research Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0847-8880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Interactions Research Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.0592,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9194857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"113788","last_page":"113812"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10879","display_name":"Robotic Locomotion and Control","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6976738572120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait-analysis","display_name":"Gait analysis","score":0.5847302079200745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.5587095618247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47537627816200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42347198724746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33895397186279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.28835925459861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.06988313794136047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6976738572120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173906292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493441","display_name":"Gait analysis","level":3,"score":0.5847302079200745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.5587095618247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47537627816200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42347198724746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33895397186279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.28835925459861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06988313794136047}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3104464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104464","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09513306.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:97947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3104464>)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98dd4a8afc86475f858ef5d98f7538cc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98dd4a8afc86475f858ef5d98f7538cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 113788-113812 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3104464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3104464","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09513306.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5634946813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G591379538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Interreg 2 Seas programme 2014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7938052480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2S05-038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8937893370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337753","funder_display_name":"Interreg"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337753","display_name":"Interreg","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3194232229.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3194232229.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":124,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W627140926","https://openalex.org/W1594590921","https://openalex.org/W1601335192","https://openalex.org/W1680797894","https://openalex.org/W1804840257","https://openalex.org/W1928278792","https://openalex.org/W1973513632","https://openalex.org/W1993968723","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W2015244452","https://openalex.org/W2021930375","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2049135373","https://openalex.org/W2050709370","https://openalex.org/W2055952291","https://openalex.org/W2085630382","https://openalex.org/W2087347434","https://openalex.org/W2089367555","https://openalex.org/W2097449267","https://openalex.org/W2098074145","https://openalex.org/W2099297971","https://openalex.org/W2101182643","https://openalex.org/W2102046115","https://openalex.org/W2102159351","https://openalex.org/W2104564141","https://openalex.org/W2109159655","https://openalex.org/W2114570024","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2127927857","https://openalex.org/W2140362372","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2151547072","https://openalex.org/W2154076607","https://openalex.org/W2175613144","https://openalex.org/W2222399534","https://openalex.org/W2296432816","https://openalex.org/W2343879303","https://openalex.org/W2350886275","https://openalex.org/W2399465035","https://openalex.org/W2478630298","https://openalex.org/W2509662494","https://openalex.org/W2534663227","https://openalex.org/W2560253279","https://openalex.org/W2565002623","https://openalex.org/W2599503455","https://openalex.org/W2611722515","https://openalex.org/W2616167242","https://openalex.org/W2724719322","https://openalex.org/W2725179852","https://openalex.org/W2746353924","https://openalex.org/W2750902425","https://openalex.org/W2757019840","https://openalex.org/W2758162149","https://openalex.org/W2765418205","https://openalex.org/W2770546254","https://openalex.org/W2782354506","https://openalex.org/W2783265305","https://openalex.org/W2784881541","https://openalex.org/W2790471600","https://openalex.org/W2801772516","https://openalex.org/W2803873619","https://openalex.org/W2805694697","https://openalex.org/W2807720470","https://openalex.org/W2807767587","https://openalex.org/W2808056355","https://openalex.org/W2810416616","https://openalex.org/W2884876207","https://openalex.org/W2886678450","https://openalex.org/W2887847363","https://openalex.org/W2889479483","https://openalex.org/W2892161743","https://openalex.org/W2908129009","https://openalex.org/W2910932367","https://openalex.org/W2911675408","https://openalex.org/W2912889105","https://openalex.org/W2913671257","https://openalex.org/W2913954944","https://openalex.org/W2914656440","https://openalex.org/W2916773987","https://openalex.org/W2921891871","https://openalex.org/W2942786135","https://openalex.org/W2943727242","https://openalex.org/W2947811356","https://openalex.org/W2948203697","https://openalex.org/W2950049504","https://openalex.org/W2950300783","https://openalex.org/W2954210324","https://openalex.org/W2962459300","https://openalex.org/W2967904637","https://openalex.org/W2978079838","https://openalex.org/W2980845355","https://openalex.org/W2981013460","https://openalex.org/W2982529867","https://openalex.org/W2983312735","https://openalex.org/W2990474870","https://openalex.org/W2991525661","https://openalex.org/W2994167784","https://openalex.org/W2995684556","https://openalex.org/W2998400386","https://openalex.org/W2999880746","https://openalex.org/W3002741736","https://openalex.org/W3005157908","https://openalex.org/W3006691310","https://openalex.org/W3008923610","https://openalex.org/W3016642122","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3092398080","https://openalex.org/W3150204026","https://openalex.org/W4205438218","https://openalex.org/W4230434030","https://openalex.org/W4236113979","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4240765102","https://openalex.org/W4242937954","https://openalex.org/W4255381894","https://openalex.org/W4294552392","https://openalex.org/W4299101042","https://openalex.org/W4301017572","https://openalex.org/W6638487155","https://openalex.org/W6682540521","https://openalex.org/W6821599377","https://openalex.org/W6822589861"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rate":[1],"of":[2,4,13,56,68,103,113,127,152],"development":[3],"robotic":[5,22,63],"technologies":[6,23],"has":[7],"been":[8,148],"meteoric,":[9],"as":[10,131,140,163],"a":[11],"result":[12],"compounded":[14],"advancements":[15],"in":[16,30,43,59,99,150],"hardware":[17],"and":[18,27,33,46,73,78,96,116,134,136,142,167],"software.":[19],"Amongst":[20],"these":[21],"are":[24,39],"active":[25,69],"exoskeletons":[26,72],"orthoses,":[28],"used":[29,107,171],"the":[31,53,66,93,104,111,125,153,164,168,174],"assistive":[32],"rehabilitative":[34],"fields.":[35],"Artificial":[36],"intelligence":[37],"techniques":[38],"increasingly":[40],"being":[41],"utilised":[42],"gait":[44,60,114],"analysis":[45,61],"prediction.":[47],"This":[48],"review":[49],"paper":[50],"systematically":[51],"explores":[52],"current":[54],"use":[55],"intelligent":[57],"algorithms":[58,146],"for":[62,82,110,124,172],"control,":[64],"specifically":[65],"control":[67],"lower":[70],"limb":[71],"orthoses.":[74],"Two":[75],"databases,":[76],"IEEE":[77],"Scopus,":[79],"were":[80,97,160],"screened":[81],"papers":[83,91],"published":[84],"between":[85],"1989":[86],"to":[87],"May":[88],"2020.":[89],"41":[90],"met":[92],"eligibility":[94],"criteria":[95],"included":[98],"this":[100],"review.":[101],"66.7%":[102],"identified":[105],"studies":[106],"classification":[108,112],"models":[109,123],"phases":[115],"locomotion":[117],"modes.":[118],"Meanwhile,":[119],"33.3%":[120],"implemented":[121],"regression":[122],"estimation/prediction":[126],"kinematic":[128],"parameters":[129,138,159],"such":[130,139,162],"joint":[132],"angles":[133],"trajectories,":[135],"kinetic":[137],"moments":[141],"torques.":[143],"Deep":[144],"learning":[145,155],"have":[147],"deployed":[149],"~15%":[151],"machine":[154],"implementations.":[156],"Other":[157],"methodological":[158],"reviewed,":[161],"sensor":[165],"selection":[166],"sample":[169],"sizes":[170],"training":[173],"models.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}